Friendly Neighborhood Immunologist

03.09.2024 · 16:30:21 ···
01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ···
30.05.2023 · 02:26:09 ··· 5 ··· ··· 23 ···
03.09.2024 · 16:30:21 ···
01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ···
30.05.2023 · 02:26:09 ··· 5 ··· ··· 23 ···

1:: Guillain barre | Molecular mimicry

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 20.11.2023 · 17:10:18 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· Guillain barre is the main cause of short-term muscle weakness or the short-term inability to move your muscles. It is primarily caused by the bacteria Campylobacter jenjuni which is found in undercooked, infected chicken. One to three weeks after your immune system fights off the infection, the immune cells begin to target the nerves. This is due to molecular mimicry. The bacteria has a protein that looks almost exactly like the coating of your nerves. Therefore, the B cells, T cells, and macrophages begin to destroy the myelin coating around nerves and even destroy nerves themselves. Nerve destruction leads to the inability to move. Removing the antibodies that the B cells make seem to improve Guillain barre in 80% of people affected. The antibodies are removed through plasmapheresis (similar to dialysis). . Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3755430/ https://www.cdc.gov/campylobacter/guillain-barre.html#:~:text=Infection%20with%20Campylobacter%20jejuni%2C%20which,the%20United%20States%20gets%20GBS.

2:: How does Lyme Disease Happen?

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 03.06.2023 · 12:49:27 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· Lyme disease is caused by black legged ticks also known as deer ticks. Lyme disease happens because ticks drink bacteria-infected blood from deer and mice in the wild. The deer and mice have Borrelia bacteria in their system which transfers to the ticks. Then when the ticks bite humans, the ticks transfer the bacteria to people. If caught quickly and treated with antibiotics, Lyme Disease can be cured. However, if the bacteria has time to travel through the body, or if co-infection happened with parasites, then Lyme Disease is more difficult to treat and may require IV Vancomyosin. Co-infection: https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/lyme-disease-co-infection#:~:text=In%20the%20United%20States%2C%20a,miyamotoi%20infection. Babesia: https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/babesiosis/health_professionals/index.html

3:: T cells | Immunology Lecture | MHC-I versus MHC-II

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 17.04.2023 · 18:58:35 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· This lecture is about T cells and major-histocompatibility complex I and II (MHC-I and MHC-II). The video will go over how T cells and antigen presenting cells fit together and activate. We will discuss where proteins come from to load into MHC-I (the cytosol) and MHC-II (vesicles). Furthermore, I will discuss the differences between CD4 and CD8 T cells. We will also cover positive and negative selection in the thymus.

4:: Immunology Lecture 5 | Pathogens and the immune response

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 23.03.2023 · 18:33:19 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· Immunology lecture 5 is about pathogens and the immune response. Specifically the life cycles of bacteria, the Gram-stain, life cycles of RNA and DNA viruses. Then we will talk about which parts of the viruses and bacteria bind to toll-like receptors. Lastly we will cover other innate immune mechanisms of killing pathogens including reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, and the complement system. Here's the link to the complement animation from Kurzgesagt: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BSypUV6QUNw&t=364s

5:: Immunology Lecture 4 | Cytokines and Chemokines | Toll like receptor signaling NFkB

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 11.03.2023 · 17:39:45 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· This lecture is about cytokines and chemokines as well as the toll-like receptor pathway. We will focus on Myd88 and NFkB and how toll-like receptor engagement causes most innate immune cell inflammation. The second half of the lecture will be about individual cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-a.

6:: Immunology Lecture 3 | Innate immune cells | Leukocyte rolling adhesion

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 11.03.2023 · 16:43:17 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· This is immunology lecture 3. We will cover innate immune cells including macrophages, neutrophils, basophils, and natural killer cells. Importantly, we will also cover how immune cells leave the blood stream and enter tissue, a process called leukocyte rolling adhesion. Here's a link to my favorite video about real immune cells during leukocyte rolling adhesion. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ys6RlglMTMg&t=95s

7:: Immunology Lecture 2 | Primary and Secondary Lymphoid Organs and Blood (Hematopoiesis)

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 24.02.2023 · 20:17:39 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· Immunology lecture 2 will cover both the primary and secondary lymphoid organs and the components of blood. We will briefly cover innate and adaptive immune cells, as well as granular versus agranular cells. Additionally, you will find information about hematopoiesis.

8:: Immunology Lecture 1 | Brief History of Immunology

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 24.02.2023 · 20:17:31 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· Welcome to my immunology lecture series! There will be 10 lectures about immunology. The first lecture will be a brief history of Immunology, including the discovery of the microscope, the smallpox vaccine, the cholera vaccine, and the polio vaccine. Additionally, we will talk about the discovery of antibodies and passive versus active immunity. The remaining lectures will be about Neuroimmunology, my area of research.

9:: Prion Disease | How does Prion Disease Happen

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 15.01.2022 · 01:23:07 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· Prion Disease is caused by a single protein that makes a mistake and misfolds. If you want to know how Prion Disease happens then this video is for you. I will go over the top 3 most likely ways a person can get Prion Disease, what Prion proteins do in the body, and the role of the immune system in Prion Disease. Here are my sources: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/prion-diseases https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/occurrence-transmission.html https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1877117317300911?via%3Dihub https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5204333/ https://www.nature.com/articles/gim201032

10:: Vitamin D and the Immune system

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 27.11.2021 · 19:40:36 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· Vitamin D and the immune system work together. You might be surprised that vitamin D can boost and suppress the immune system. Vitamin D can boost primitive defenses of macrophages (Cathlecidin, LL-37, and Beta Defensins. However it reduces classic inflammatory cytokines like IL-1beta, Il-6, and TNF-a. Vitamin D also suppresses the adaptive immune system, B and T cells. This means that high levels of vitamin D (10,000 IU) can be prescribed by a doctor to treat autoimmune diseases like lupus, MS, and psoriasis. Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7281985/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3166406/#R31 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC370520/?page=2 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8394351/

11:: ADE | What is Antibody Dependent Enhancement

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 29.10.2021 · 01:51:18 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· Many people are wondering what is Antibody Dependent Enhancement or ADE. Antibody Dependent Enhancement (ADE) is a second key for a virus to enter your immune cells. Viruses have spike proteins that allow it to enter one or two types of cells like lung cells or neurons. That is the first key. If antibodies bind to a virus in a non-neutralizing way, the virus can enter immune cells called macrophages. This is the second key. Having an antibody bind in a non-helpful, non-neutralizing way allows the virus to enter macrophages and gives the virus an advantage. ADE happens naturally during dengue virus infections. It has also happened during RSV vaccine trials. However, there is no evidence that ADE is happening now with COVID-19.

12:: How scientific papers are published

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 20.10.2021 · 14:31:04 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· You might be wondering how scientific papers are published. I have published 12 scientific papers, and I can tell you the 7 steps need to publish a scientific paper. I have been accepted and rejected from scientific journals, and I will even show you my reviewer comments from two of my accepted papers. The review of research by other researchers is called peer-review. One peer reviewer is kind and straightforward, the other is also straightforward but snarky. Either way, I hope you enjoy some insight into the scientific paper process and how it can take 2-10 years to publish a single scientific paper.

13:: A little bit about me

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 07.10.2021 · 02:23:53 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· Hi! This is a video about my background, education, a few personal things. Hope it's interesting and helpful. B.S. Microbiology 2006 Ph.D Microbiology 2007-2012 - Studying T cells, microglia and bacteria Post-doctoral research 2012-2016 - Studying Alzheimer's disease and microglia Visiting Assistant Professor 2016-2021

14:: APOE2 | APOE2 Longevity and Alzheimer's Disease

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 24.09.2021 · 19:29:51 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· APOE2 is an important protein in the brain. APOE2 has been found to increase longevity in people as well as animals. APOE2 has been found to reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease. The video is a requested video about doing a deep dive into APOE2. Overall, APOE2 reduces total cholesterol and increases activity which could be why people with APOE2 live longer on average. Review Paper APOE2: https://molecularneurodegeneration.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13024-020-00413-4 Research Paper APOE2: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7588231/#supp1

15:: Natural Killer cells | Top 5 ways Natural Killer cells work

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 09.09.2021 · 15:09:41 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· Natural killer cells are unique immune cells that kill virus infected and cancer cells. In this video, I will draw the top 5 ways Natural Killer cells work for you. Natural Killer cells are related to B cells and T cells, and interact with your "name tag," the MHC-I receptor that is on all of your cells except your red blood cells. The Natural Killer cell will spare any cell with your name tag, and well destroy any cell without it. This is called the Natural Killer cell voting system. If the Killer Activating Receptor (KAR) is activated, and the Killer inhibitory receptor (KIR) is not then the Natural Killer cell will destroy that cell with perforin, granzyme, FasL, TNF-a, and IFN-y. Deficiency in Natural Killer cells makes a person vulnerable to viral infection, especially DNA viruses like Mono and Chickenpox. Having a plan with your doctor and keeping regular visits can help manage NK cell deficiencies. #NaturalKillerCells

16:: Valneva | How does Valneva work

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 27.08.2021 · 14:04:26 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· Valneva is a whole inactivated coronavirus 19 vaccine created in France. This video will address these questions: how does Valneva work, how is Valneva made, and how it compares to other whole inactivated vaccines like Sinovac and Covaxin. Valneva uses Vero Cell technology as does Sinovac and Covaxin. Vero cells are Grivet (old world monkey) kidney cells which COVID-19 readily infects and replicates (makes copies of itself). Then the researchers infect the Vero cells, collect and purify the COVID-19, and then inactivate the COVID-19 with either heat, chemicals, or radiation. The whole purified virus is injected into the arm with two adjuvants, Alum and CpG DNA. The safety profile is good. The main adverse reactions are headaches and fatigue. The Phase III clinical trial data was completed in 4000 people and the UK has ordered millions of doses upon approval. Valneva website: https://valneva.com/press-release/valneva-reports-positive-phase-1-2-data-for-its-inactivated-adjuvanted-covid-19-vaccine-candidate-vla2001/ Info about Polio vaccine: https://amhistory.si.edu/polio/virusvaccine/vacraces2.htm Efficacy Data for Original Coronavirus: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine