Designed by: Hinx3
OSWD 2004

Valid HTML 4.01!

---

BASE

---

:::::::: SELECT * FROM DAvidKanal WHERE Chan="UCNwSxyl2KmhdAjHLR6xGR0A"

---

#~~~~# SELECT * FROM DAvidKanal WHERE Chan="UCNwSxyl2KmhdAjHLR6xGR0A"

---

---

#~~~~# http://chegu.de/Ausgabe.php?URL=https://www.youtube.com/feeds/videos.xml?channel_id=UCNwSxyl2KmhdAjHLR6xGR0A

---

---

**35387

---

---

**?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> feed xmlns:yt="http://www.youtube.com/xml/schemas/2015" xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"> link rel="self" href="http://www.youtube.com/feeds/videos.xml?channel_id=UCNwSxyl2KmhdAjHLR6xGR0A"/> id>yt:channel:NwSxyl2KmhdAjHLR6xGR0A/id> yt:channelId>NwSxyl2KmhdAjHLR6xGR0A/yt:channelId> title>David Butler/title> link rel="alternate" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNwSxyl2KmhdAjHLR6xGR0A"/> author> name>David Butler/name> uri>https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNwSxyl2KmhdAjHLR6xGR0A/uri> /author> published>2013-02-05T19:03:52+00:00/published> entry> id>yt:video:NbRzRSp1V3U/id> yt:videoId>NbRzRSp1V3U/yt:videoId> yt:channelId>UCNwSxyl2KmhdAjHLR6xGR0A/yt:channelId> title>2023 Review/title> link rel="alternate" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NbRzRSp1V3U"/> author> name>David Butler/name> uri>https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNwSxyl2KmhdAjHLR6xGR0A/uri> /author> published>2024-01-26T21:49:43+00:00/published> updated>2024-05-17T23:55:31+00:00/updated> media:group> media:title>2023 Review/media:title> media:content url="https://www.youtube.com/v/NbRzRSp1V3U?version=3" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="640" height="390"/> media:thumbnail url="https://i3.ytimg.com/vi/NbRzRSp1V3U/hqdefault.jpg" width="480" height="360"/> media:description>text - https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/2023-Review.pdf music free version - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q5O_PO6Svjk&list=PLpH1IDQEoE8QkhAmpcK4NOsbtQlFmSsgE&pp=gAQBiAQB 2023 was a great year with both Hubble, Webb and others making new discoveries and producing amazing images. We start out with an update on the DART asteroid collision we covered last year. Staying inside the Solar System, we cover the Parker Solar Probe’s journey through the Suns corona. Moving beyond the Solar System, we’ll see molecular clouds, brown dwarfs, Herbig-Haro objects, and take a deeper look into the Crab and Cassiopeia nebulas. We’ll then do a little astrochemistry in the Iris Nebula. Moving beyond our galaxy, we cover dwarf galaxies, a runaway black hole, a possible intermediate mass black hole, intergalactic stars, and some of the oldest galaxies ever found. We’ll end with the first release images from ‘Euclid,� our newest space telescope. Music @02:35 Mendelssohn - Concerto for Piano, Violin and String Orchestra: Bulgarian Symphony Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces� 2013 @09:50 Mendelssohn - Violin Concerto in E Minor Op.64 – Andante: from the album “The Most Relaxing Classical Music� 1997 @24:19 Mendelssohn - Symphony No 3 Scottish IV Adagio: Philharmonia Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces� 2013/media:description> media:community> media:starRating count="2234" average="5.00" min="1" max="5"/> media:statistics views="51045"/> /media:community> /media:group> /entry> entry> id>yt:video:PKOrEdfDvIo/id> yt:videoId>PKOrEdfDvIo/yt:videoId> yt:channelId>UCNwSxyl2KmhdAjHLR6xGR0A/yt:channelId> title>Classroom Aid - Finding an IMBH in M4 (maybe)/title> link rel="alternate" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PKOrEdfDvIo"/> author> name>David Butler/name> uri>https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNwSxyl2KmhdAjHLR6xGR0A/uri> /author> published>2024-01-24T23:31:14+00:00/published> updated>2024-05-14T03:27:13+00:00/updated> media:group> media:title>Classroom Aid - Finding an IMBH in M4 (maybe)/media:title> media:content url="https://www.youtube.com/v/PKOrEdfDvIo?version=3" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="640" height="390"/> media:thumbnail url="https://i1.ytimg.com/vi/PKOrEdfDvIo/hqdefault.jpg" width="480" height="360"/> media:description>text - https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/2023-Review.pdf 2023 was a great year with both Hubble, Webb and others making new discoveries and producing amazing images. We start out with an update on the DART asteroid collision we covered last year. Staying inside the Solar System, we cover the Parker Solar Probe’s journey through the Suns corona. Moving beyond the Solar System, we’ll see molecular clouds, brown dwarfs, Herbig-Haro objects, and take a deeper look into the Crab and Cassiopeia nebulas. We’ll then do a little astrochemistry in the Iris Nebula. Moving beyond our galaxy, we cover dwarf galaxies, a runaway black hole, a possible intermediate mass black hole, intergalactic stars, and some of the oldest galaxies ever found. We’ll end with the first release images from ‘Euclid,� our newest space telescope. Music Mendelssohn - Concerto for Piano, Violin and String Orchestra: Bulgarian Symphony Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces� 2013 Mendelssohn - Violin Concerto in E Minor Op.64 – Andante: from the album “The Most Relaxing Classical Music� 1997 Mendelssohn - Symphony No 3 Scottish IV Adagio: Philharmonia Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces� 2013/media:description> media:community> media:starRating count="92" average="5.00" min="1" max="5"/> media:statistics views="2873"/> /media:community> /media:group> /entry> entry> id>yt:video:KwSqZyt5Iyo/id> yt:videoId>KwSqZyt5Iyo/yt:videoId> yt:channelId>UCNwSxyl2KmhdAjHLR6xGR0A/yt:channelId> title>Classroom Aid - 2023 Review Credits/title> link rel="alternate" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KwSqZyt5Iyo"/> author> name>David Butler/name> uri>https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNwSxyl2KmhdAjHLR6xGR0A/uri> /author> published>2024-01-23T15:14:31+00:00/published> updated>2024-05-07T03:48:25+00:00/updated> media:group> media:title>Classroom Aid - 2023 Review Credits/media:title> media:content url="https://www.youtube.com/v/KwSqZyt5Iyo?version=3" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="640" height="390"/> media:thumbnail url="https://i4.ytimg.com/vi/KwSqZyt5Iyo/hqdefault.jpg" width="480" height="360"/> media:description>text - https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/2023-Review.pdf 2023 was a great year with both Hubble, Webb and others making new discoveries and producing amazing images. We start out with an update on the DART asteroid collision we covered last year. Staying inside the Solar System, we cover the Parker Solar Probe’s journey through the Suns corona. Moving beyond the Solar System, we’ll see molecular clouds, brown dwarfs, Herbig-Haro objects, and take a deeper look into the Crab and Cassiopeia nebulas. We’ll then do a little astrochemistry in the Iris Nebula. Moving beyond our galaxy, we cover dwarf galaxies, a runaway black hole, a possible intermediate mass black hole, intergalactic stars, and some of the oldest galaxies ever found. We’ll end with the first release images from ‘Euclid,� our newest space telescope. Music Mendelssohn - Concerto for Piano, Violin and String Orchestra: Bulgarian Symphony Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces� 2013 Mendelssohn - Violin Concerto in E Minor Op.64 – Andante: from the album “The Most Relaxing Classical Music� 1997 Mendelssohn - Symphony No 3 Scottish IV Adagio: Philharmonia Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces� 2013/media:description> media:community> media:starRating count="26" average="5.00" min="1" max="5"/> media:statistics views="1081"/> /media:community> /media:group> /entry> entry> id>yt:video:vyjsY1S5Dxw/id> yt:videoId>vyjsY1S5Dxw/yt:videoId> yt:channelId>UCNwSxyl2KmhdAjHLR6xGR0A/yt:channelId> title>Classroom Aid - ESA Euclid Space Telescope 1st Release/title> link rel="alternate" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vyjsY1S5Dxw"/> author> name>David Butler/name> uri>https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNwSxyl2KmhdAjHLR6xGR0A/uri> /author> published>2024-01-23T14:56:20+00:00/published> updated>2024-05-08T11:16:39+00:00/updated> media:group> media:title>Classroom Aid - ESA Euclid Space Telescope 1st Release/media:title> media:content url="https://www.youtube.com/v/vyjsY1S5Dxw?version=3" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="640" height="390"/> media:thumbnail url="https://i3.ytimg.com/vi/vyjsY1S5Dxw/hqdefault.jpg" width="480" height="360"/> media:description>text - https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/2023-Review.pdf 2023 was a great year with both Hubble, Webb and others making new discoveries and producing amazing images. We start out with an update on the DART asteroid collision we covered last year. Staying inside the Solar System, we cover the Parker Solar Probe’s journey through the Suns corona. Moving beyond the Solar System, we’ll see molecular clouds, brown dwarfs, Herbig-Haro objects, and take a deeper look into the Crab and Cassiopeia nebulas. We’ll then do a little astrochemistry in the Iris Nebula. Moving beyond our galaxy, we cover dwarf galaxies, a runaway black hole, a possible intermediate mass black hole, intergalactic stars, and some of the oldest galaxies ever found. We’ll end with the first release images from ‘Euclid,� our newest space telescope. Music Mendelssohn - Concerto for Piano, Violin and String Orchestra: Bulgarian Symphony Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces� 2013 Mendelssohn - Violin Concerto in E Minor Op.64 – Andante: from the album “The Most Relaxing Classical Music� 1997 Mendelssohn - Symphony No 3 Scottish IV Adagio: Philharmonia Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces� 2013/media:description> media:community> media:starRating count="96" average="5.00" min="1" max="5"/> media:statistics views="2529"/> /media:community> /media:group> /entry> entry> id>yt:video:h_2N50I-m64/id> yt:videoId>h_2N50I-m64/yt:videoId> yt:channelId>UCNwSxyl2KmhdAjHLR6xGR0A/yt:channelId> title>Classroom Aid - Early and Oldest Galaxies/title> link rel="alternate" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h_2N50I-m64"/> author> name>David Butler/name> uri>https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNwSxyl2KmhdAjHLR6xGR0A/uri> /author> published>2024-01-23T14:39:13+00:00/published> updated>2024-05-08T22:11:55+00:00/updated> media:group> media:title>Classroom Aid - Early and Oldest Galaxies/media:title> media:content url="https://www.youtube.com/v/h_2N50I-m64?version=3" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="640" height="390"/> media:thumbnail url="https://i1.ytimg.com/vi/h_2N50I-m64/hqdefault.jpg" width="480" height="360"/> media:description>text - https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/2023-Review.pdf 2023 was a great year with both Hubble, Webb and others making new discoveries and producing amazing images. We start out with an update on the DART asteroid collision we covered last year. Staying inside the Solar System, we cover the Parker Solar Probe’s journey through the Suns corona. Moving beyond the Solar System, we’ll see molecular clouds, brown dwarfs, Herbig-Haro objects, and take a deeper look into the Crab and Cassiopeia nebulas. We’ll then do a little astrochemistry in the Iris Nebula. Moving beyond our galaxy, we cover dwarf galaxies, a runaway black hole, a possible intermediate mass black hole, intergalactic stars, and some of the oldest galaxies ever found. We’ll end with the first release images from ‘Euclid,� our newest space telescope. Music Mendelssohn - Concerto for Piano, Violin and String Orchestra: Bulgarian Symphony Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces� 2013 Mendelssohn - Violin Concerto in E Minor Op.64 – Andante: from the album “The Most Relaxing Classical Music� 1997 Mendelssohn - Symphony No 3 Scottish IV Adagio: Philharmonia Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces� 2013/media:description> media:community> media:starRating count="72" average="5.00" min="1" max="5"/> media:statistics views="1901"/> /media:community> /media:group> /entry> entry> id>yt:video:cZMiDX4VC4c/id> yt:videoId>cZMiDX4VC4c/yt:videoId> yt:channelId>UCNwSxyl2KmhdAjHLR6xGR0A/yt:channelId> title>Classroom Aid - Early Galaxy Proto-Cluster/title> link rel="alternate" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cZMiDX4VC4c"/> author> name>David Butler/name> uri>https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNwSxyl2KmhdAjHLR6xGR0A/uri> /author> published>2024-01-23T03:49:18+00:00/published> updated>2024-05-10T01:51:34+00:00/updated> media:group> media:title>Classroom Aid - Early Galaxy Proto-Cluster/media:title> media:content url="https://www.youtube.com/v/cZMiDX4VC4c?version=3" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="640" height="390"/> media:thumbnail url="https://i4.ytimg.com/vi/cZMiDX4VC4c/hqdefault.jpg" width="480" height="360"/> media:description>text - https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/2023-Review.pdf 2023 was a great year with both Hubble, Webb and others making new discoveries and producing amazing images. We start out with an update on the DART asteroid collision we covered last year. Staying inside the Solar System, we cover the Parker Solar Probe’s journey through the Suns corona. Moving beyond the Solar System, we’ll see molecular clouds, brown dwarfs, Herbig-Haro objects, and take a deeper look into the Crab and Cassiopeia nebulas. We’ll then do a little astrochemistry in the Iris Nebula. Moving beyond our galaxy, we cover dwarf galaxies, a runaway black hole, a possible intermediate mass black hole, intergalactic stars, and some of the oldest galaxies ever found. We’ll end with the first release images from ‘Euclid,� our newest space telescope. Music Mendelssohn - Concerto for Piano, Violin and String Orchestra: Bulgarian Symphony Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces� 2013 Mendelssohn - Violin Concerto in E Minor Op.64 – Andante: from the album “The Most Relaxing Classical Music� 1997 Mendelssohn - Symphony No 3 Scottish IV Adagio: Philharmonia Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces� 2013/media:description> media:community> media:starRating count="71" average="5.00" min="1" max="5"/> media:statistics views="2312"/> /media:community> /media:group> /entry> entry> id>yt:video:WuE1CLcvB5M/id> yt:videoId>WuE1CLcvB5M/yt:videoId> yt:channelId>UCNwSxyl2KmhdAjHLR6xGR0A/yt:channelId> title>Classroom Aid - Fishhook and Quyllur through El Gordo/title> link rel="alternate" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WuE1CLcvB5M"/> author> name>David Butler/name> uri>https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNwSxyl2KmhdAjHLR6xGR0A/uri> /author> published>2024-01-23T02:04:16+00:00/published> updated>2024-05-08T06:12:36+00:00/updated> media:group> media:title>Classroom Aid - Fishhook and Quyllur through El Gordo/media:title> media:content url="https://www.youtube.com/v/WuE1CLcvB5M?version=3" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="640" height="390"/> media:thumbnail url="https://i4.ytimg.com/vi/WuE1CLcvB5M/hqdefault.jpg" width="480" height="360"/> media:description>text - https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/2023-Review.pdf 2023 was a great year with both Hubble, Webb and others making new discoveries and producing amazing images. We start out with an update on the DART asteroid collision we covered last year. Staying inside the Solar System, we cover the Parker Solar Probe’s journey through the Suns corona. Moving beyond the Solar System, we’ll see molecular clouds, brown dwarfs, Herbig-Haro objects, and take a deeper look into the Crab and Cassiopeia nebulas. We’ll then do a little astrochemistry in the Iris Nebula. Moving beyond our galaxy, we cover dwarf galaxies, a runaway black hole, a possible intermediate mass black hole, intergalactic stars, and some of the oldest galaxies ever found. We’ll end with the first release images from ‘Euclid,� our newest space telescope. Music Mendelssohn - Concerto for Piano, Violin and String Orchestra: Bulgarian Symphony Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces� 2013 Mendelssohn - Violin Concerto in E Minor Op.64 – Andante: from the album “The Most Relaxing Classical Music� 1997 Mendelssohn - Symphony No 3 Scottish IV Adagio: Philharmonia Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces� 2013/media:description> media:community> media:starRating count="81" average="5.00" min="1" max="5"/> media:statistics views="2650"/> /media:community> /media:group> /entry> entry> id>yt:video:6PtBlgxsF7Y/id> yt:videoId>6PtBlgxsF7Y/yt:videoId> yt:channelId>UCNwSxyl2KmhdAjHLR6xGR0A/yt:channelId> title>Classroom Aid - Intergalactic Stars/title> link rel="alternate" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6PtBlgxsF7Y"/> author> name>David Butler/name> uri>https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNwSxyl2KmhdAjHLR6xGR0A/uri> /author> published>2024-01-23T00:30:14+00:00/published> updated>2024-05-13T06:39:56+00:00/updated> media:group> media:title>Classroom Aid - Intergalactic Stars/media:title> media:content url="https://www.youtube.com/v/6PtBlgxsF7Y?version=3" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="640" height="390"/> media:thumbnail url="https://i3.ytimg.com/vi/6PtBlgxsF7Y/hqdefault.jpg" width="480" height="360"/> media:description>text - https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/2023-Review.pdf 2023 was a great year with both Hubble, Webb and others making new discoveries and producing amazing images. We start out with an update on the DART asteroid collision we covered last year. Staying inside the Solar System, we cover the Parker Solar Probe’s journey through the Suns corona. Moving beyond the Solar System, we’ll see molecular clouds, brown dwarfs, Herbig-Haro objects, and take a deeper look into the Crab and Cassiopeia nebulas. We’ll then do a little astrochemistry in the Iris Nebula. Moving beyond our galaxy, we cover dwarf galaxies, a runaway black hole, a possible intermediate mass black hole, intergalactic stars, and some of the oldest galaxies ever found. We’ll end with the first release images from ‘Euclid,� our newest space telescope. Music Mendelssohn - Concerto for Piano, Violin and String Orchestra: Bulgarian Symphony Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces� 2013 Mendelssohn - Violin Concerto in E Minor Op.64 – Andante: from the album “The Most Relaxing Classical Music� 1997 Mendelssohn - Symphony No 3 Scottish IV Adagio: Philharmonia Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces� 2013/media:description> media:community> media:starRating count="90" average="5.00" min="1" max="5"/> media:statistics views="2363"/> /media:community> /media:group> /entry> entry> id>yt:video:YPV930IH2Jg/id> yt:videoId>YPV930IH2Jg/yt:videoId> yt:channelId>UCNwSxyl2KmhdAjHLR6xGR0A/yt:channelId> title>Classroom Aid - Astrochemistry in the Iris Nebula/title> link rel="alternate" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YPV930IH2Jg"/> author> name>David Butler/name> uri>https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNwSxyl2KmhdAjHLR6xGR0A/uri> /author> published>2024-01-23T00:15:21+00:00/published> updated>2024-05-12T05:00:24+00:00/updated> media:group> media:title>Classroom Aid - Astrochemistry in the Iris Nebula/media:title> media:content url="https://www.youtube.com/v/YPV930IH2Jg?version=3" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="640" height="390"/> media:thumbnail url="https://i2.ytimg.com/vi/YPV930IH2Jg/hqdefault.jpg" width="480" height="360"/> media:description>text - https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/2023-Review.pdf 2023 was a great year with both Hubble, Webb and others making new discoveries and producing amazing images. We start out with an update on the DART asteroid collision we covered last year. Staying inside the Solar System, we cover the Parker Solar Probe’s journey through the Suns corona. Moving beyond the Solar System, we’ll see molecular clouds, brown dwarfs, Herbig-Haro objects, and take a deeper look into the Crab and Cassiopeia nebulas. We’ll then do a little astrochemistry in the Iris Nebula. Moving beyond our galaxy, we cover dwarf galaxies, a runaway black hole, a possible intermediate mass black hole, intergalactic stars, and some of the oldest galaxies ever found. We’ll end with the first release images from ‘Euclid,� our newest space telescope. Music Mendelssohn - Concerto for Piano, Violin and String Orchestra: Bulgarian Symphony Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces� 2013 Mendelssohn - Violin Concerto in E Minor Op.64 – Andante: from the album “The Most Relaxing Classical Music� 1997 Mendelssohn - Symphony No 3 Scottish IV Adagio: Philharmonia Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces� 2013/media:description> media:community> media:starRating count="78" average="5.00" min="1" max="5"/> media:statistics views="2461"/> /media:community> /media:group> /entry> entry> id>yt:video:iXtXSXFc4zU/id> yt:videoId>iXtXSXFc4zU/yt:videoId> yt:channelId>UCNwSxyl2KmhdAjHLR6xGR0A/yt:channelId> title>Classroom Aid - Runaway Black Hole/title> link rel="alternate" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iXtXSXFc4zU"/> author> name>David Butler/name> uri>https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNwSxyl2KmhdAjHLR6xGR0A/uri> /author> published>2024-01-22T22:59:23+00:00/published> updated>2024-05-09T19:32:36+00:00/updated> media:group> media:title>Classroom Aid - Runaway Black Hole/media:title> media:content url="https://www.youtube.com/v/iXtXSXFc4zU?version=3" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="640" height="390"/> media:thumbnail url="https://i2.ytimg.com/vi/iXtXSXFc4zU/hqdefault.jpg" width="480" height="360"/> media:description>text - https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/2023-Review.pdf 2023 was a great year with both Hubble, Webb and others making new discoveries and producing amazing images. We start out with an update on the DART asteroid collision we covered last year. Staying inside the Solar System, we cover the Parker Solar Probe’s journey through the Suns corona. Moving beyond the Solar System, we’ll see molecular clouds, brown dwarfs, Herbig-Haro objects, and take a deeper look into the Crab and Cassiopeia nebulas. We’ll then do a little astrochemistry in the Iris Nebula. Moving beyond our galaxy, we cover dwarf galaxies, a runaway black hole, a possible intermediate mass black hole, intergalactic stars, and some of the oldest galaxies ever found. We’ll end with the first release images from ‘Euclid,� our newest space telescope. Music Mendelssohn - Concerto for Piano, Violin and String Orchestra: Bulgarian Symphony Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces� 2013 Mendelssohn - Violin Concerto in E Minor Op.64 – Andante: from the album “The Most Relaxing Classical Music� 1997 Mendelssohn - Symphony No 3 Scottish IV Adagio: Philharmonia Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces� 2013/media:description> media:community> media:starRating count="34" average="5.00" min="1" max="5"/> media:statistics views="1424"/> /media:community> /media:group> /entry> entry> id>yt:video:hpnoyxiqi6g/id> yt:videoId>hpnoyxiqi6g/yt:videoId> yt:channelId>UCNwSxyl2KmhdAjHLR6xGR0A/yt:channelId> title>Classroom Aid - Finding a Black Hole's Mass by the Distortions it Creates/title> link rel="alternate" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hpnoyxiqi6g"/> author> name>David Butler/name> uri>https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNwSxyl2KmhdAjHLR6xGR0A/uri> /author> published>2024-01-22T22:41:23+00:00/published> updated>2024-05-09T05:11:12+00:00/updated> media:group> media:title>Classroom Aid - Finding a Black Hole's Mass by the Distortions it Creates/media:title> media:content url="https://www.youtube.com/v/hpnoyxiqi6g?version=3" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="640" height="390"/> media:thumbnail url="https://i1.ytimg.com/vi/hpnoyxiqi6g/hqdefault.jpg" width="480" height="360"/> media:description>text - https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/2023-Review.pdf 2023 was a great year with both Hubble, Webb and others making new discoveries and producing amazing images. We start out with an update on the DART asteroid collision we covered last year. Staying inside the Solar System, we cover the Parker Solar Probe’s journey through the Suns corona. Moving beyond the Solar System, we’ll see molecular clouds, brown dwarfs, Herbig-Haro objects, and take a deeper look into the Crab and Cassiopeia nebulas. We’ll then do a little astrochemistry in the Iris Nebula. Moving beyond our galaxy, we cover dwarf galaxies, a runaway black hole, a possible intermediate mass black hole, intergalactic stars, and some of the oldest galaxies ever found. We’ll end with the first release images from ‘Euclid,� our newest space telescope. Music Mendelssohn - Concerto for Piano, Violin and String Orchestra: Bulgarian Symphony Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces� 2013 Mendelssohn - Violin Concerto in E Minor Op.64 – Andante: from the album “The Most Relaxing Classical Music� 1997 Mendelssohn - Symphony No 3 Scottish IV Adagio: Philharmonia Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces� 2013/media:description> media:community> media:starRating count="37" average="5.00" min="1" max="5"/> media:statistics views="1528"/> /media:community> /media:group> /entry> entry> id>yt:video:axXgHYjDQDg/id> yt:videoId>axXgHYjDQDg/yt:videoId> yt:channelId>UCNwSxyl2KmhdAjHLR6xGR0A/yt:channelId> title>Classroom Aid - Arp 220/title> link rel="alternate" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=axXgHYjDQDg"/> author> name>David Butler/name> uri>https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNwSxyl2KmhdAjHLR6xGR0A/uri> /author> published>2024-01-22T22:19:23+00:00/published> updated>2024-05-08T23:40:13+00:00/updated> media:group> media:title>Classroom Aid - Arp 220/media:title> media:content url="https://www.youtube.com/v/axXgHYjDQDg?version=3" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="640" height="390"/> media:thumbnail url="https://i2.ytimg.com/vi/axXgHYjDQDg/hqdefault.jpg" width="480" height="360"/> media:description>text - https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/2023-Review.pdf 2023 was a great year with both Hubble, Webb and others making new discoveries and producing amazing images. We start out with an update on the DART asteroid collision we covered last year. Staying inside the Solar System, we cover the Parker Solar Probe’s journey through the Suns corona. Moving beyond the Solar System, we’ll see molecular clouds, brown dwarfs, Herbig-Haro objects, and take a deeper look into the Crab and Cassiopeia nebulas. We’ll then do a little astrochemistry in the Iris Nebula. Moving beyond our galaxy, we cover dwarf galaxies, a runaway black hole, a possible intermediate mass black hole, intergalactic stars, and some of the oldest galaxies ever found. We’ll end with the first release images from ‘Euclid,� our newest space telescope. Music Mendelssohn - Concerto for Piano, Violin and String Orchestra: Bulgarian Symphony Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces� 2013 Mendelssohn - Violin Concerto in E Minor Op.64 – Andante: from the album “The Most Relaxing Classical Music� 1997 Mendelssohn - Symphony No 3 Scottish IV Adagio: Philharmonia Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces� 2013/media:description> media:community> media:starRating count="17" average="5.00" min="1" max="5"/> media:statistics views="1184"/> /media:community> /media:group> /entry> entry> id>yt:video:KFsS8OViEIc/id> yt:videoId>KFsS8OViEIc/yt:videoId> yt:channelId>UCNwSxyl2KmhdAjHLR6xGR0A/yt:channelId> title>Classroom Aid - Dwarf Galaxy UGC 8091/title> link rel="alternate" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KFsS8OViEIc"/> author> name>David Butler/name> uri>https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNwSxyl2KmhdAjHLR6xGR0A/uri> /author> published>2024-01-22T21:51:06+00:00/published> updated>2024-05-14T08:09:11+00:00/updated> media:group> media:title>Classroom Aid - Dwarf Galaxy UGC 8091/media:title> media:content url="https://www.youtube.com/v/KFsS8OViEIc?version=3" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="640" height="390"/> media:thumbnail url="https://i4.ytimg.com/vi/KFsS8OViEIc/hqdefault.jpg" width="480" height="360"/> media:description>text - https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/2023-Review.pdf 2023 was a great year with both Hubble, Webb and others making new discoveries and producing amazing images. We start out with an update on the DART asteroid collision we covered last year. Staying inside the Solar System, we cover the Parker Solar Probe’s journey through the Suns corona. Moving beyond the Solar System, we’ll see molecular clouds, brown dwarfs, Herbig-Haro objects, and take a deeper look into the Crab and Cassiopeia nebulas. We’ll then do a little astrochemistry in the Iris Nebula. Moving beyond our galaxy, we cover dwarf galaxies, a runaway black hole, a possible intermediate mass black hole, intergalactic stars, and some of the oldest galaxies ever found. We’ll end with the first release images from ‘Euclid,� our newest space telescope. Music Mendelssohn - Concerto for Piano, Violin and String Orchestra: Bulgarian Symphony Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces� 2013 Mendelssohn - Violin Concerto in E Minor Op.64 – Andante: from the album “The Most Relaxing Classical Music� 1997 Mendelssohn - Symphony No 3 Scottish IV Adagio: Philharmonia Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces� 2013/media:description> media:community> media:starRating count="21" average="5.00" min="1" max="5"/> media:statistics views="1172"/> /media:community> /media:group> /entry> entry> id>yt:video:GtHTF08FV0c/id> yt:videoId>GtHTF08FV0c/yt:videoId> yt:channelId>UCNwSxyl2KmhdAjHLR6xGR0A/yt:channelId> title>Classroom Aid - Webb view of NGC 346/title> link rel="alternate" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GtHTF08FV0c"/> author> name>David Butler/name> uri>https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNwSxyl2KmhdAjHLR6xGR0A/uri> /author> published>2024-01-22T21:43:05+00:00/published> updated>2024-05-07T08:50:23+00:00/updated> media:group> media:title>Classroom Aid - Webb view of NGC 346/media:title> media:content url="https://www.youtube.com/v/GtHTF08FV0c?version=3" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="640" height="390"/> media:thumbnail url="https://i4.ytimg.com/vi/GtHTF08FV0c/hqdefault.jpg" width="480" height="360"/> media:description>text - https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/2023-Review.pdf 2023 was a great year with both Hubble, Webb and others making new discoveries and producing amazing images. We start out with an update on the DART asteroid collision we covered last year. Staying inside the Solar System, we cover the Parker Solar Probe’s journey through the Suns corona. Moving beyond the Solar System, we’ll see molecular clouds, brown dwarfs, Herbig-Haro objects, and take a deeper look into the Crab and Cassiopeia nebulas. We’ll then do a little astrochemistry in the Iris Nebula. Moving beyond our galaxy, we cover dwarf galaxies, a runaway black hole, a possible intermediate mass black hole, intergalactic stars, and some of the oldest galaxies ever found. We’ll end with the first release images from ‘Euclid,� our newest space telescope. Music Mendelssohn - Concerto for Piano, Violin and String Orchestra: Bulgarian Symphony Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces� 2013 Mendelssohn - Violin Concerto in E Minor Op.64 – Andante: from the album “The Most Relaxing Classical Music� 1997 Mendelssohn - Symphony No 3 Scottish IV Adagio: Philharmonia Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces� 2013/media:description> media:community> media:starRating count="27" average="5.00" min="1" max="5"/> media:statistics views="1390"/> /media:community> /media:group> /entry> entry> id>yt:video:vHW6s0yH2TA/id> yt:videoId>vHW6s0yH2TA/yt:videoId> yt:channelId>UCNwSxyl2KmhdAjHLR6xGR0A/yt:channelId> title>Classroom Aid - Finding an IMBH in M4 (maybe) xx/title> link rel="alternate" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vHW6s0yH2TA"/> author> name>David Butler/name> uri>https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNwSxyl2KmhdAjHLR6xGR0A/uri> /author> published>2024-01-22T21:15:59+00:00/published> updated>2024-05-08T05:17:16+00:00/updated> media:group> media:title>Classroom Aid - Finding an IMBH in M4 (maybe) xx/media:title> media:content url="https://www.youtube.com/v/vHW6s0yH2TA?version=3" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="640" height="390"/> media:thumbnail url="https://i3.ytimg.com/vi/vHW6s0yH2TA/hqdefault.jpg" width="480" height="360"/> media:description>text - https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/2023-Review.pdf 2023 was a great year with both Hubble, Webb and others making new discoveries and producing amazing images. We start out with an update on the DART asteroid collision we covered last year. Staying inside the Solar System, we cover the Parker Solar Probe’s journey through the Suns corona. Moving beyond the Solar System, we’ll see molecular clouds, brown dwarfs, Herbig-Haro objects, and take a deeper look into the Crab and Cassiopeia nebulas. We’ll then do a little astrochemistry in the Iris Nebula. Moving beyond our galaxy, we cover dwarf galaxies, a runaway black hole, a possible intermediate mass black hole, intergalactic stars, and some of the oldest galaxies ever found. We’ll end with the first release images from ‘Euclid,� our newest space telescope. Music Mendelssohn - Concerto for Piano, Violin and String Orchestra: Bulgarian Symphony Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces� 2013 Mendelssohn - Violin Concerto in E Minor Op.64 – Andante: from the album “The Most Relaxing Classical Music� 1997 Mendelssohn - Symphony No 3 Scottish IV Adagio: Philharmonia Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces� 2013/media:description> media:community> media:starRating count="45" average="5.00" min="1" max="5"/> media:statistics views="1051"/> /media:community> /media:group> /entry> /feed>

---

David Butler

20.04.2024 · 07:58:33 ···
01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ···
09.05.2023 · 22:42:22 ··· 5 ··· ··· 87 ···
20.08.2024 · 13:04:13 ···
01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ···
09.05.2023 · 22:42:22 ··· 5 ··· ··· 87 ···

1:: 2023 Review

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 26.01.2024 · 21:49:43 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· text - https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/2023-Review.pdf music free version - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q5O_PO6Svjk&list=PLpH1IDQEoE8QkhAmpcK4NOsbtQlFmSsgE&pp=gAQBiAQB 2023 was a great year with both Hubble, Webb and others making new discoveries and producing amazing images. We start out with an update on the DART asteroid collision we covered last year. Staying inside the Solar System, we cover the Parker Solar Probe’s journey through the Suns corona. Moving beyond the Solar System, we’ll see molecular clouds, brown dwarfs, Herbig-Haro objects, and take a deeper look into the Crab and Cassiopeia nebulas. We’ll then do a little astrochemistry in the Iris Nebula. Moving beyond our galaxy, we cover dwarf galaxies, a runaway black hole, a possible intermediate mass black hole, intergalactic stars, and some of the oldest galaxies ever found. We’ll end with the first release images from ‘Euclid,” our newest space telescope. Music @02:35 Mendelssohn - Concerto for Piano, Violin and String Orchestra: Bulgarian Symphony Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces” 2013 @09:50 Mendelssohn - Violin Concerto in E Minor Op.64 – Andante: from the album “The Most Relaxing Classical Music” 1997 @24:19 Mendelssohn - Symphony No 3 Scottish IV Adagio: Philharmonia Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces” 2013

---

2:: Classroom Aid - Finding an IMBH in M4 (maybe)

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 24.01.2024 · 23:31:14 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· text - https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/2023-Review.pdf 2023 was a great year with both Hubble, Webb and others making new discoveries and producing amazing images. We start out with an update on the DART asteroid collision we covered last year. Staying inside the Solar System, we cover the Parker Solar Probe’s journey through the Suns corona. Moving beyond the Solar System, we’ll see molecular clouds, brown dwarfs, Herbig-Haro objects, and take a deeper look into the Crab and Cassiopeia nebulas. We’ll then do a little astrochemistry in the Iris Nebula. Moving beyond our galaxy, we cover dwarf galaxies, a runaway black hole, a possible intermediate mass black hole, intergalactic stars, and some of the oldest galaxies ever found. We’ll end with the first release images from ‘Euclid,” our newest space telescope. Music Mendelssohn - Concerto for Piano, Violin and String Orchestra: Bulgarian Symphony Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces” 2013 Mendelssohn - Violin Concerto in E Minor Op.64 – Andante: from the album “The Most Relaxing Classical Music” 1997 Mendelssohn - Symphony No 3 Scottish IV Adagio: Philharmonia Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces” 2013

---

3:: Classroom Aid - 2023 Review Credits

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 23.01.2024 · 15:14:31 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· text - https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/2023-Review.pdf 2023 was a great year with both Hubble, Webb and others making new discoveries and producing amazing images. We start out with an update on the DART asteroid collision we covered last year. Staying inside the Solar System, we cover the Parker Solar Probe’s journey through the Suns corona. Moving beyond the Solar System, we’ll see molecular clouds, brown dwarfs, Herbig-Haro objects, and take a deeper look into the Crab and Cassiopeia nebulas. We’ll then do a little astrochemistry in the Iris Nebula. Moving beyond our galaxy, we cover dwarf galaxies, a runaway black hole, a possible intermediate mass black hole, intergalactic stars, and some of the oldest galaxies ever found. We’ll end with the first release images from ‘Euclid,” our newest space telescope. Music Mendelssohn - Concerto for Piano, Violin and String Orchestra: Bulgarian Symphony Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces” 2013 Mendelssohn - Violin Concerto in E Minor Op.64 – Andante: from the album “The Most Relaxing Classical Music” 1997 Mendelssohn - Symphony No 3 Scottish IV Adagio: Philharmonia Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces” 2013

---

4:: Classroom Aid - ESA Euclid Space Telescope 1st Release

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 23.01.2024 · 14:56:20 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· text - https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/2023-Review.pdf 2023 was a great year with both Hubble, Webb and others making new discoveries and producing amazing images. We start out with an update on the DART asteroid collision we covered last year. Staying inside the Solar System, we cover the Parker Solar Probe’s journey through the Suns corona. Moving beyond the Solar System, we’ll see molecular clouds, brown dwarfs, Herbig-Haro objects, and take a deeper look into the Crab and Cassiopeia nebulas. We’ll then do a little astrochemistry in the Iris Nebula. Moving beyond our galaxy, we cover dwarf galaxies, a runaway black hole, a possible intermediate mass black hole, intergalactic stars, and some of the oldest galaxies ever found. We’ll end with the first release images from ‘Euclid,” our newest space telescope. Music Mendelssohn - Concerto for Piano, Violin and String Orchestra: Bulgarian Symphony Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces” 2013 Mendelssohn - Violin Concerto in E Minor Op.64 – Andante: from the album “The Most Relaxing Classical Music” 1997 Mendelssohn - Symphony No 3 Scottish IV Adagio: Philharmonia Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces” 2013

---

5:: Classroom Aid - Early and Oldest Galaxies

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 23.01.2024 · 14:39:13 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· text - https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/2023-Review.pdf 2023 was a great year with both Hubble, Webb and others making new discoveries and producing amazing images. We start out with an update on the DART asteroid collision we covered last year. Staying inside the Solar System, we cover the Parker Solar Probe’s journey through the Suns corona. Moving beyond the Solar System, we’ll see molecular clouds, brown dwarfs, Herbig-Haro objects, and take a deeper look into the Crab and Cassiopeia nebulas. We’ll then do a little astrochemistry in the Iris Nebula. Moving beyond our galaxy, we cover dwarf galaxies, a runaway black hole, a possible intermediate mass black hole, intergalactic stars, and some of the oldest galaxies ever found. We’ll end with the first release images from ‘Euclid,” our newest space telescope. Music Mendelssohn - Concerto for Piano, Violin and String Orchestra: Bulgarian Symphony Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces” 2013 Mendelssohn - Violin Concerto in E Minor Op.64 – Andante: from the album “The Most Relaxing Classical Music” 1997 Mendelssohn - Symphony No 3 Scottish IV Adagio: Philharmonia Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces” 2013

---

6:: Classroom Aid - Early Galaxy Proto-Cluster

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 23.01.2024 · 03:49:18 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· text - https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/2023-Review.pdf 2023 was a great year with both Hubble, Webb and others making new discoveries and producing amazing images. We start out with an update on the DART asteroid collision we covered last year. Staying inside the Solar System, we cover the Parker Solar Probe’s journey through the Suns corona. Moving beyond the Solar System, we’ll see molecular clouds, brown dwarfs, Herbig-Haro objects, and take a deeper look into the Crab and Cassiopeia nebulas. We’ll then do a little astrochemistry in the Iris Nebula. Moving beyond our galaxy, we cover dwarf galaxies, a runaway black hole, a possible intermediate mass black hole, intergalactic stars, and some of the oldest galaxies ever found. We’ll end with the first release images from ‘Euclid,” our newest space telescope. Music Mendelssohn - Concerto for Piano, Violin and String Orchestra: Bulgarian Symphony Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces” 2013 Mendelssohn - Violin Concerto in E Minor Op.64 – Andante: from the album “The Most Relaxing Classical Music” 1997 Mendelssohn - Symphony No 3 Scottish IV Adagio: Philharmonia Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces” 2013

---

7:: Classroom Aid - Fishhook and Quyllur through El Gordo

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 23.01.2024 · 02:04:16 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· text - https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/2023-Review.pdf 2023 was a great year with both Hubble, Webb and others making new discoveries and producing amazing images. We start out with an update on the DART asteroid collision we covered last year. Staying inside the Solar System, we cover the Parker Solar Probe’s journey through the Suns corona. Moving beyond the Solar System, we’ll see molecular clouds, brown dwarfs, Herbig-Haro objects, and take a deeper look into the Crab and Cassiopeia nebulas. We’ll then do a little astrochemistry in the Iris Nebula. Moving beyond our galaxy, we cover dwarf galaxies, a runaway black hole, a possible intermediate mass black hole, intergalactic stars, and some of the oldest galaxies ever found. We’ll end with the first release images from ‘Euclid,” our newest space telescope. Music Mendelssohn - Concerto for Piano, Violin and String Orchestra: Bulgarian Symphony Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces” 2013 Mendelssohn - Violin Concerto in E Minor Op.64 – Andante: from the album “The Most Relaxing Classical Music” 1997 Mendelssohn - Symphony No 3 Scottish IV Adagio: Philharmonia Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces” 2013

---

8:: Classroom Aid - Intergalactic Stars

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 23.01.2024 · 00:30:14 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· text - https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/2023-Review.pdf 2023 was a great year with both Hubble, Webb and others making new discoveries and producing amazing images. We start out with an update on the DART asteroid collision we covered last year. Staying inside the Solar System, we cover the Parker Solar Probe’s journey through the Suns corona. Moving beyond the Solar System, we’ll see molecular clouds, brown dwarfs, Herbig-Haro objects, and take a deeper look into the Crab and Cassiopeia nebulas. We’ll then do a little astrochemistry in the Iris Nebula. Moving beyond our galaxy, we cover dwarf galaxies, a runaway black hole, a possible intermediate mass black hole, intergalactic stars, and some of the oldest galaxies ever found. We’ll end with the first release images from ‘Euclid,” our newest space telescope. Music Mendelssohn - Concerto for Piano, Violin and String Orchestra: Bulgarian Symphony Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces” 2013 Mendelssohn - Violin Concerto in E Minor Op.64 – Andante: from the album “The Most Relaxing Classical Music” 1997 Mendelssohn - Symphony No 3 Scottish IV Adagio: Philharmonia Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces” 2013

---

9:: Classroom Aid - Astrochemistry in the Iris Nebula

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 23.01.2024 · 00:15:21 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· text - https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/2023-Review.pdf 2023 was a great year with both Hubble, Webb and others making new discoveries and producing amazing images. We start out with an update on the DART asteroid collision we covered last year. Staying inside the Solar System, we cover the Parker Solar Probe’s journey through the Suns corona. Moving beyond the Solar System, we’ll see molecular clouds, brown dwarfs, Herbig-Haro objects, and take a deeper look into the Crab and Cassiopeia nebulas. We’ll then do a little astrochemistry in the Iris Nebula. Moving beyond our galaxy, we cover dwarf galaxies, a runaway black hole, a possible intermediate mass black hole, intergalactic stars, and some of the oldest galaxies ever found. We’ll end with the first release images from ‘Euclid,” our newest space telescope. Music Mendelssohn - Concerto for Piano, Violin and String Orchestra: Bulgarian Symphony Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces” 2013 Mendelssohn - Violin Concerto in E Minor Op.64 – Andante: from the album “The Most Relaxing Classical Music” 1997 Mendelssohn - Symphony No 3 Scottish IV Adagio: Philharmonia Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces” 2013

---

10:: Classroom Aid - Runaway Black Hole

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 22.01.2024 · 22:59:23 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· text - https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/2023-Review.pdf 2023 was a great year with both Hubble, Webb and others making new discoveries and producing amazing images. We start out with an update on the DART asteroid collision we covered last year. Staying inside the Solar System, we cover the Parker Solar Probe’s journey through the Suns corona. Moving beyond the Solar System, we’ll see molecular clouds, brown dwarfs, Herbig-Haro objects, and take a deeper look into the Crab and Cassiopeia nebulas. We’ll then do a little astrochemistry in the Iris Nebula. Moving beyond our galaxy, we cover dwarf galaxies, a runaway black hole, a possible intermediate mass black hole, intergalactic stars, and some of the oldest galaxies ever found. We’ll end with the first release images from ‘Euclid,” our newest space telescope. Music Mendelssohn - Concerto for Piano, Violin and String Orchestra: Bulgarian Symphony Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces” 2013 Mendelssohn - Violin Concerto in E Minor Op.64 – Andante: from the album “The Most Relaxing Classical Music” 1997 Mendelssohn - Symphony No 3 Scottish IV Adagio: Philharmonia Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces” 2013

---

11:: Classroom Aid - Finding a Black Hole's Mass by the Distortions it Creates

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 22.01.2024 · 22:41:23 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· text - https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/2023-Review.pdf 2023 was a great year with both Hubble, Webb and others making new discoveries and producing amazing images. We start out with an update on the DART asteroid collision we covered last year. Staying inside the Solar System, we cover the Parker Solar Probe’s journey through the Suns corona. Moving beyond the Solar System, we’ll see molecular clouds, brown dwarfs, Herbig-Haro objects, and take a deeper look into the Crab and Cassiopeia nebulas. We’ll then do a little astrochemistry in the Iris Nebula. Moving beyond our galaxy, we cover dwarf galaxies, a runaway black hole, a possible intermediate mass black hole, intergalactic stars, and some of the oldest galaxies ever found. We’ll end with the first release images from ‘Euclid,” our newest space telescope. Music Mendelssohn - Concerto for Piano, Violin and String Orchestra: Bulgarian Symphony Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces” 2013 Mendelssohn - Violin Concerto in E Minor Op.64 – Andante: from the album “The Most Relaxing Classical Music” 1997 Mendelssohn - Symphony No 3 Scottish IV Adagio: Philharmonia Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces” 2013

---

12:: Classroom Aid - Arp 220

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 22.01.2024 · 22:19:23 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· text - https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/2023-Review.pdf 2023 was a great year with both Hubble, Webb and others making new discoveries and producing amazing images. We start out with an update on the DART asteroid collision we covered last year. Staying inside the Solar System, we cover the Parker Solar Probe’s journey through the Suns corona. Moving beyond the Solar System, we’ll see molecular clouds, brown dwarfs, Herbig-Haro objects, and take a deeper look into the Crab and Cassiopeia nebulas. We’ll then do a little astrochemistry in the Iris Nebula. Moving beyond our galaxy, we cover dwarf galaxies, a runaway black hole, a possible intermediate mass black hole, intergalactic stars, and some of the oldest galaxies ever found. We’ll end with the first release images from ‘Euclid,” our newest space telescope. Music Mendelssohn - Concerto for Piano, Violin and String Orchestra: Bulgarian Symphony Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces” 2013 Mendelssohn - Violin Concerto in E Minor Op.64 – Andante: from the album “The Most Relaxing Classical Music” 1997 Mendelssohn - Symphony No 3 Scottish IV Adagio: Philharmonia Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces” 2013

---

13:: Classroom Aid - Dwarf Galaxy UGC 8091

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 22.01.2024 · 21:51:06 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· text - https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/2023-Review.pdf 2023 was a great year with both Hubble, Webb and others making new discoveries and producing amazing images. We start out with an update on the DART asteroid collision we covered last year. Staying inside the Solar System, we cover the Parker Solar Probe’s journey through the Suns corona. Moving beyond the Solar System, we’ll see molecular clouds, brown dwarfs, Herbig-Haro objects, and take a deeper look into the Crab and Cassiopeia nebulas. We’ll then do a little astrochemistry in the Iris Nebula. Moving beyond our galaxy, we cover dwarf galaxies, a runaway black hole, a possible intermediate mass black hole, intergalactic stars, and some of the oldest galaxies ever found. We’ll end with the first release images from ‘Euclid,” our newest space telescope. Music Mendelssohn - Concerto for Piano, Violin and String Orchestra: Bulgarian Symphony Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces” 2013 Mendelssohn - Violin Concerto in E Minor Op.64 – Andante: from the album “The Most Relaxing Classical Music” 1997 Mendelssohn - Symphony No 3 Scottish IV Adagio: Philharmonia Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces” 2013

---

14:: Classroom Aid - Webb view of NGC 346

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 22.01.2024 · 21:43:05 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· text - https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/2023-Review.pdf 2023 was a great year with both Hubble, Webb and others making new discoveries and producing amazing images. We start out with an update on the DART asteroid collision we covered last year. Staying inside the Solar System, we cover the Parker Solar Probe’s journey through the Suns corona. Moving beyond the Solar System, we’ll see molecular clouds, brown dwarfs, Herbig-Haro objects, and take a deeper look into the Crab and Cassiopeia nebulas. We’ll then do a little astrochemistry in the Iris Nebula. Moving beyond our galaxy, we cover dwarf galaxies, a runaway black hole, a possible intermediate mass black hole, intergalactic stars, and some of the oldest galaxies ever found. We’ll end with the first release images from ‘Euclid,” our newest space telescope. Music Mendelssohn - Concerto for Piano, Violin and String Orchestra: Bulgarian Symphony Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces” 2013 Mendelssohn - Violin Concerto in E Minor Op.64 – Andante: from the album “The Most Relaxing Classical Music” 1997 Mendelssohn - Symphony No 3 Scottish IV Adagio: Philharmonia Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces” 2013

---

15:: Classroom Aid - Finding an IMBH in M4 (maybe) xx

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 22.01.2024 · 21:15:59 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· text - https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/2023-Review.pdf 2023 was a great year with both Hubble, Webb and others making new discoveries and producing amazing images. We start out with an update on the DART asteroid collision we covered last year. Staying inside the Solar System, we cover the Parker Solar Probe’s journey through the Suns corona. Moving beyond the Solar System, we’ll see molecular clouds, brown dwarfs, Herbig-Haro objects, and take a deeper look into the Crab and Cassiopeia nebulas. We’ll then do a little astrochemistry in the Iris Nebula. Moving beyond our galaxy, we cover dwarf galaxies, a runaway black hole, a possible intermediate mass black hole, intergalactic stars, and some of the oldest galaxies ever found. We’ll end with the first release images from ‘Euclid,” our newest space telescope. Music Mendelssohn - Concerto for Piano, Violin and String Orchestra: Bulgarian Symphony Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces” 2013 Mendelssohn - Violin Concerto in E Minor Op.64 – Andante: from the album “The Most Relaxing Classical Music” 1997 Mendelssohn - Symphony No 3 Scottish IV Adagio: Philharmonia Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces” 2013

---

16:: Classroom Aid - Two Oldest Black Holes

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 23.11.2023 · 18:34:51 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· Here’s a Webb infrared image of the galaxy cluster Abell 2744. There are hundreds of galaxies in the cluster, along with a few foreground stars. It’d redshift is 0.308. Light from this cluster took 3.62 billion years to get here. In this cluster, astronomers found a gravitationally lensed distant galaxy named UHZ1. To determine how far away this galaxy is, a technique called ‘dropout’ was used. Here’s how it works. Hydrogen surrounding galaxies absorbs light with a wavelength around 100 nanometers. That’s blue light. The source will be easily visible with filtered viewing wavelengths longer than blue, but "drop out" with blue light filters. This is a standard photometric method for locating distant galaxies in deep field images. For UHZ1, Webb found the dropout with its F115W filter. The redshift needed to stretch blue light to this filter gives us the estimated distance. This galaxy’s redshift is 10.32 making its light travel distance 13.3 bly – just a bit further than CEERS 1019. Here’s the Chandra X-ray Observatory’s overlay view of the area marked in purple. Using over two weeks of observations from Chandra, researchers were able to detect X-ray emission from the center of UHZ1. The X-rays come from a region that is much smaller than the galaxy. This is the signature of an accreting supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy. The X-ray signal is extremely faint, but Chandra was able to detect it because the Abell 2744 gravitational lensing enhanced the signal by a factor of four. Based on the brightness and energy of the X-rays, it’s estimated mass falls well above 10 million suns. The extremely large masses of this SMBH and CEERS 1019, at such an early age of the Universe, has led to a conflict between the currently understood time it takes to form supermassive black holes, and the Lambda Cold Dark Matter Big Bang Cosmology time line. Astronomers call this ‘tension’ between the two theories, indicating that one or both will need to change. In our final segment of this video book on Black Holes, we’ll cover a proposed change to how black holes can form that would relieve this tension.

---

17:: Classroom Aid - Galaxies Orbiting a Distant Quasar

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 17.11.2023 · 20:12:51 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· https://howfarawayisit.com As Hubble and James Webb probe deeper into the early universe, they are finding galaxies and even galaxy clusters orbiting quasars driven by their central super massive black holes much earlier than expected. Here’s an example. At the center of this Hubble image, taken in visible and near-infrared light, is a distant quasar with a SMBH at its center. The light from this object took 11.6 billion years to get here. This quasar is one of the most powerful known galactic nuclei that’s been seen at such an extreme distance. The Hubble team found that the quasar has a tidal tail indicating that interactions with other galaxies are involved. To investigate the movement of the gas, dust and stellar material in the galaxy around the quasar, the research team used Webb’s Near Infrared Spectrograph. Its data indicates that there are at least three massive galaxies orbiting the quasar. This makes the quasar a part of a dense grouping of galaxy formation. Webb, with its spectrograph, used light from doubly ionized oxygen atoms to measure the motions of all this surrounding material. Each color illustrates the relative speed of ionized oxygen gas across the galaxy cluster. The redder the color the faster the gas is moving away from our line of sight relative to the quasar, while the bluer the color the faster it's moving toward us relative to the quasar. The color green indicates that the gas is steady in our line of sight in comparison to the quasar.

---

18:: Classroom Aid - First Ever Black Hole Image

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 17.11.2023 · 04:50:52 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· https://howfarawayisit.com In 2019, the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT for short) team released an image of the supermassive black hole at the center of M87 that created and powers the M87 Jets. It illustrates many of the features of a black hole discussed in the previous segments. This image represents the first direct visual evidence for a black hole. Basically, we’re looking at an emission ring around a dark shadow. This is consistent with the idea that the ring is gravitationally lensed light produced by a hot, turbulent magnetized accretion disk orbiting close to the event horizon of a Kerr black hole and the darker center is the black hole’s shadow.

---

19:: Classroom Aid - A Few Interesting Super Massive Black Holes

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 16.11.2023 · 02:10:35 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· https://howfarawayisit.com The center of nearby active galaxy IC 5063 contains a supermassive black hole. As material approaches the black hole’s event horizon, massive amounts of radiation is released in all directions. But note the V shaped shadows emanating from the central core. Astronomers suggest that a ring of dusty material surrounds the black hole and may be casting its shadow into space by blocking some of this radiation. These dark shadows extend across at least 36,000 light-years. Here we have the black hole at the center of the dwarf galaxy Henize 2-10, 30 million light-years away. This galaxy contains only one-tenth the number of stars found in our Milky Way. What’s unique here is that this black hole is located near a star-forming region with an outflow of gas moving at about 1.6 million km per hour (or 1 million miles per hour) towards the region. This flow is imbedded with a large number of new stars. This is the opposite effect of what's seen in larger galaxies, with larger black holes, where material flowing away and into surrounding gas, heats the gas to the point where new star formation is not possible. Quasars are brilliant beacons of intense light from the centers of distant galaxies. They are powered by supermassive black holes growing on infalling matter that unleashes massive amounts of radiation at the event horizon. They are scattered all across the sky and were most abundant 10 billion years ago. These Hubble images reveal two pairs of quasars that reside at the hearts of merging galaxies. These galaxies, however, cannot be seen because they are too faint, even for Hubble. These quasars will tighten their orbits until they eventually spiral together and coalesce, resulting in an even more massive, but solitary black hole.

---

20:: Classroom Aid - SMBH Accretion Disk Composition

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 15.11.2023 · 20:35:25 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· https://howfarawayisit.com With the James Webb Space Telescope, we can explore the contents of a accretion disk around a super massive black hole. Here’s a Webb image of Stephan's Quintet. At the center of NGC 7319, there is a supermassive black hole around which the galaxy is rotating. This one is ‘active’ meaning significant quantities of material are falling into it. These are referred to as [Seyfert galaxies or] galaxies with an Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN for short). As falling matter approaches the black holes’ event horizon, it becomes very hot and a small percentage of it is pushed away from the black hole in the form of winds and jets just before it would have passed across the event horizon – never to be seen again. Webb has on board a medium-resolution spectrometer (MRS) as part of the Mid-Infrared Instrument to analyze the light spectrum of objects like these to determine the chemical makeup of the material falling into the black hole. With this, scientists can measure spatial structures, determine the velocity of those structures, and get a full range of spectral data. This instrument was able to determine the composition of the gas near the supermassive black hole. Here we are mapping the wavelength that identifies an element against the flux density that tells us the amount of that element present. The spectrum reveals that the supermassive black hole has a reservoir of colder, denser gas with large quantities of molecular hydrogen and silicate dust that absorb the light from the central regions of the galaxy. The spectrum, from the black hole’s outflow, shows a region filled with hot, ionized gases, including iron, argon, neon, sulphur and oxygen as denoted by the peaks at given wavelengths. The presence of multiple emission lines from the same element with different degrees of ionization is valuable for understanding the properties and origins of the outflow. Note the units for ‘brightness’. A jansky is a very small unit – 10-12 watts and Webb is detecting down to 0.001 janskys. Picture a dim 1-watt lightbulb. Webb can detect a wattage that is 0.000000000000001 watts. It’s quite remarkable.

---

21:: Classroom Aid - Abell 1201 SMBH Lens

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 14.11.2023 · 18:17:47 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· https://howfarawayisit.com Here’s a unique way to detect the mass of a black hole. It uses the distortions the black hole creates in background images. Here’s an illustration from Durham University. It highlights how the distortions created by using a black hole as a lens can determine the black hole’s mass. We start with the distant galaxy 4.7 bly away. The light from this object passes through the galaxy Abell 1201, 2.1 bly away. The light passes within 3000 ly of the SMBH at the center of this lensing galaxy. We can’t see the black hole, but we can see the distortions it creates. In this example, the lensing galaxy distorts the distant galaxy image into a wide arc. In addition, some of the light passes near to the central black hole. The black hole acts as a lens and forms a duplicate image of the distant galaxy. To find the mass of this black hole, astronomers, with the help of large computer models, simulated an image that a black hole would create. The output image depends on the mass of the black hole. Mass is an input to the algorithm. Masses too low or too high, would not create the image observed. But the correct mass would. The best fit came when a mass of 33 billion suns was input. This mass makes it one of the most massive black holes ever detected.

---

22:: Classroom Aid - Finding a Black Hole with Gravitational Microlensing

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 14.11.2023 · 01:53:06 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· https://howfarawayisit.com Another way to detect a black hole is to find one distorting the image of a celestial object behind it. In our previous chapter on Gravitational Lensing, the lenses were mostly galaxy clusters and galaxy superclusters. But even a single planet can act as a lens – bending and magnifying light from objects behind it. These are micro-lenses and analyzing their lensing effects is referred to as microlensing. The greater the mass density of the micro-lens, the larger the lensing impact. This opens up the possibility of finding a free roaming black hole by detecting its microlensing effects. It’s estimated that there are over 100 million free roaming black holes in the Milky Way, representing almost 1% of the galaxy’s total mass. The few dozen stellar mass black holes discovered so far have been found in x-ray binary systems. Astronomers had not identified an ‘isolated black hole’ until Hubble found one drifting through interstellar space in 2022. In this image, we see a star that measurably brightened, as first captured by Hubble beginning in August, 2011. This brightening was caused by a dark lens identified as OB110462 that drifted in front of the star. The background star both brightened and shifted in its apparent position. After over 200 days, it faded back to its normal brightness and position. This long lensing event duration, combined with the lens dynamics associated with the amount of background star brightening, combined with the Hubble measurements on the amount of deflection of the background star's image provided the data to calculate the distance, velocity, and mass of the micro-lens. The results showed that the star's image was offset from where it normally would be by just over a milliarcsecond. This amount of deflection indicated that the lens is 5 to 6 thousand light years away, is traveling at around 24 km/s (that’s 15 mi/s), with a mass of 3.7 suns. This mass makes it a stellar mass black hole given that the mass separation between a neutron star and a black hole is around 3 solar masses. It should be noted that there are other models of this event that indicate the there is a non-trivial chance that the lens is a neutron star. Further examinations should be able to confirm or refute this Black Hole claim.

---

23:: Classroom Aid - Finding a Black Hole via a Disappearing Star

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 04.11.2023 · 15:59:51 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· https://howfarawayisit.com The Large Binocular Telescope (LBT for short) in Arizona was scanning the Fireworks Galaxy 22 million light years away looking for supernova candidates. [The galaxy is known for having large numbers of supernova explosions.] They examined the star named N6946-BH1 – a star 25 times more massive than our Sun. Stars that size usually end in a supernova explosion – leaving behind a neutron star or a black hole. In 2009, the star shot up in brightness to become over 1 million times more luminous than our sun for several months. The expectation was that it was about to supernova. But it didn’t. It just seemed to vanish, as seen in this image from 2015. The star was no longer there. The researchers eventually concluded that the star must have become a black hole - without a supernova. It has been estimated that up to 30% of all massive stars that form black holes form them this way with the remaining 70% taking the supernova path.

---

24:: Classroom Aid - Finding an IMBH in M4 (maybe)

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 04.11.2023 · 14:17:14 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· https://howfarawayisit.com Here’s another example of detecting a black hole by finding stars orbiting an invisible point. In 2023, a team of astronomers detected a possible intermediate-mass black hole of roughly 800 solar masses at the center of the M4 globular star cluster. They examined 12 years' worth of M4 observations from Hubble and resolved pinpoint stars. The suspected object can't be seen, but its mass is calculated by studying the motion of stars caught in its gravitational field. The black hole has an event horizon that is a little more than half the diameter of our moon. This is a simulation of the motions of stars around the suspected black hole. After the zoom into M4, the center of the cluster, where the suspected black hole resides, is highlighted by a red "X." The red circle has a radius of a little less than 1 light-year. It is the sphere of influence of the intermediate-mass black hole.

---

25:: Classroom Aid - Finding SMBH Sagittarius A Star

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 03.11.2023 · 21:57:06 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· https://howfarawayisit.com Another way to detect a black hole is to find stars orbiting an invisible point. The black hole at the center of our galaxy provides an excellent example. The central object in the Milky Way is known as Sagittarius A* or Sgr A* for short. (It lies approximately 26,000 light-years away). It is surrounded by so many stars and gas and dust that it is extremely difficult to see. After decades of carful observations, the speeds and orbits of around 45 stars around Sgr A* have been calculated. This enabled measuring the precise location of the point they are all orbiting around. The measured orbits also identified the gravitational pull from this point which in turn gave us its mass at 4 million times the mass of our Sun. But, when we look at this point, we don’t see anything. This was strong evidence that Sgr A* was a black hole because stars are known to be unstable at much smaller masses. These new instruments followed S2 very closely. At the start of 2018 it was accelerating towards Sgr A* reaching relativistic speeds. On May 19th, it reached its closest approach. At that point, it was traveling at 7650 km/s (or 4753 mi/s). That’s almost 3% of the speed of light. Its distance from the black hole was just 18 billion kilometers (or 11 billion miles). That’s only 120 times our distance from the Sun. The separation on the sky between the two points was just 15 mas. It was also reddening in color as the black hole’s gravitational field stretched its light to longer wavelengths. The color change in this illustration is exaggerated for effect. The reddening is quite small and would not be visible to the naked eye. S2’s velocity changes close to the black hole were in excellent agreement with the predictions of general relativity. In addition, the change in the light wavelength agreed precisely with what Einstein’s theory predicted.

---

26:: Classroom Aid - Finding Black Hole Cygnus X-1

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 02.11.2023 · 22:47:57 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· https://howfarawayisit.com Given that nothing from inside a black hole can reach us, we need to look at the impact a black hole has on its surroundings to find one. We’ll use real examples to illustrate how black holes are detected. A binary star system where one of the stars is not visible is a good place to look for black holes. The first one ever detected was found in the Cygnus region. Here’s a Hubble image of the region. The star visible at the center is called HDE 226868. It’s a blue supergiant star 7300 ly from Earth. A very strong x-ray source called Cygnus X-1 was also found at this location. But blue supergiant stars cannot generate the volume of x-rays detected. This led astronomers to suspect that the source is a black hole orbiting close to the blue supergiant. We used this system earlier in our segment on accretion disks. Analysis of the system showed that the distance between the x-ray source and the star is just 1/5 of the distance between the Earth and the Sun. That’s very close. These two objects are orbiting their center of gravity once every 5.6 days. This orbital motion gives us the mass of the two objects. The blue giant is 40 times the mass of the sun and Cygnus X-1 is 21 times the mass of the Sun. With that mass, it cannot be a neutron star because neutron stars cannot exceed three solar masses. In addition, if the star that collapsed into a black hole had exploded as a supernova, the companion star would have been ejected from the system. That HDE 226868 remained in orbit, indicates that the progenitor may have collapsed directly into a black hole without exploding (or at most produced only a relatively modest explosion). Plus, additional evidence for a black hole comes from the x-ray fluctuations. Observations of Cygnus X-1 found a fading pulse. With all this, astronomers came to accept that Cygnus X-1 is indeed a stellar-mass black hole.

---

27:: Classroom Aid - Anatomy of a Black Hole

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 01.11.2023 · 14:50:59 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· https://howfarawayisit.com With what we’ve covered so far, we can build a back hole. This one is spinning rapidly with a minimally accruing accretion disk. That makes it a Kerr black hole without jets. It’s modeled after the black hole ‘Gargantua’ in the movie “Interstellar.” We start with the Black hole’s shadow. The Kerr metric shows that light can be captured in stable orbits outside the event horizon. For a rapidly rotating black hole, the orbital volume around the black hole would be significant. This would produce a photon sphere shell incasing the black hole. This black hole has the remnants of an accretion disk that is no longer feeding the black hole. If the disk were not gravitational lensed, the black hole would have looked like this. (Note that it is brighter on the left where the matter is moving towards the viewer and dimmer on the right where the matter is moving away from the viewer. This is due to relativistic beaming.) But, because of gravitational lensing, the massive amount of light rays emitted from the disk’s top face travel up and over the black hole, and light rays emitted from the disk’s bottom face travel down and under the black hole. This combination gives us the full image of how the black hole would actually look.

---

28:: Classroom Aid - Accretion Disk Jets

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 30.10.2023 · 23:01:12 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· https://howfarawayisit.com Accretion disks also create jets of material flowing out from the center to the disk in opposite directions perpendicular to the disk. This matter is orbiting a magnetic field that stretches out from the central mass to very great distances. We’ll use M87’s jet to illustrate how it works. The jet of material streaming out from the center indicates that the galaxy has an Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN for short). That is, it has a supermassive black hole at its center that is accumulating large amounts of matter from an accretion disk. We’ve known about the jet of plasma shooting from the core of M87 since 1918, when astronomer Heber Curtis saw a ray of light connected to the galaxy center - five thousand light-years long and 2 light-years wide. Several things stand out about this jet: It’s blue, it’s very bright, it consists of chunks or knots, and it terminates in a plume. You may have also noted that there is no counter jet going out the other way. The jet is understood to have been formed in a strong magnetic field created by the interactions between the spinning black hole and the rotating accretion disk. Then, at the point where matter from the accretion disk is crossing the event horizon into the black hole, a small percentage of the charged particles are swept into this magnetic field and ejected into the jet at the black hole’s escape velocity, which is near the speed of light for objects as massive as a black hole.

---

29:: Classroom Aid - Accretion Disk Dynamics

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 28.10.2023 · 01:07:48 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· https://howfarawayisit.com One of the ways for a black hole to form is to accumulate enough mass via an accretion disk to collapse. Here’s an illustration with a neutron star surrounded by an accretion disk supplied by gas from the stellar winds of a nearby blue giant star. Driven by inward gravitational forces and outward centripetal forces, infalling matter into massive objects like stars, neutrons stars, and black holes always form accretion disks. There are a wide variety of these complex structures, but they all have two basic characteristics: They are thin in that the disk’s radius is much much larger than its depth; and they are thick enough to ensure that photons created inside the disk will interact with matter inside the disk at least once before escaping.

---

30:: Classroom Aid - Black Hole Formation

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 25.10.2023 · 02:37:36 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· https://howfarawayisit.com With the Kerr metric in hand, we can take a closer look at the space-time around black holes. It helps to see how they can actually form, and it will provide information on how they might be detected. You’ll recall that explosions at the end of life for stars less than 5 times the mass of the sun create planetary nebula and leave behind white dwarfs. In these stars, electron exclusion pressure is enough to counteract the inward force of gravity. Supernova explosions at the end of life of stars more than 5 times the mass of the sun leave behind a neutron star. In these stars, electron pressure is insufficient to overcome the force of gravity, but neutron exclusion pressure is. But if a star is greater than 30 times the mass of the sun, even neutron exclusion pressure won’t do the trick. In fact, there is no known force that will counteract the inward force of gravity for such a supernova or hypernova exploding star.

---

31:: Classroom Aid - Frame Dragging and the Kerr Metric

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 24.10.2023 · 04:45:15 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· https://howfarawayisit.com In order to understand what is going on in and around a black hole, we need to cover the twisting effect of a rotating mass on the space surrounding them. The name given to the twisting is frame-dragging. The space is literally dragged along with the rotating mass. The effect was derived in 1918 by physicists Josef Lense and Hans Thirring, and is also known as the Lense–Thirring effect. They predicted that the rotation of a massive object would distort the space-time metric, making the orbit of a nearby test particle precess like a gyroscope. This does not happen with Newtonian gravity where the gravitational field of a body depends only on its mass, not on its rotation. It wasn’t until 1963 that a mathematician named Roy Kerr discovered the significantly more complicated metric for rotating bodies that made it possible to calculate the precession one can expect from a given mass and rotation of an object like the Earth. To test this effect, NASA developed a satellite called Gravity Probe B and put it into orbit 642 km above the Earth in 2004 where it operated for a year. By 2011, data analysis had confirmed that frame-dragging did occur and measured it to within 15% of the amount predicted by the Kerr metric for Einstein’s field equations.

---

32:: Classroom Aid - Black Hole Categories

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 23.10.2023 · 22:04:51 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· https://howfarawayisit.com Black holes are categorized by their mass. There are currently three categories. The smallest are called ‘stellar mass black holes.’ They range from 3 to 50 times the mass of the Sun. They are formed by the explosion and collapse of a star. In 1971, the first black hole ever discovered was a stellar mass black hole (Cygnus X-1). It has 21 times the Sun's mass. We’ll examine this system in detail later in the segment. The largest are called ‘super massive black holes’ or SMBH for short. They have millions to billions of times the mass of the Sun. These are mostly found at the center of large galaxies. Sagittarius A* is the one at the center of our galaxy. It has 4.1 million times the mass of the Sun. Being the SMBH closest to us, it provides the most detailed information about these kinds of black holes. We’ll be doing a deep dive into Sag A* later in the segment. The third are called ‘intermediate-mass black holes’ or IMBH. They have from 100 to 100,000 times the mass of the Sun. They are thought to form by the merging of stellar mass black holes or the runaway collision of massive stars in dense stellar clusters that collapse into black holes. Several IMBH candidate objects have been discovered. But to date, none have been confirmed. Later in this segment we’ll cover one of the best candidates [named 3XMM J215022.4−055108]. It is indicated by the white circle.

---

33:: Classroom Aid - Black Hole Introduction

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 23.10.2023 · 13:21:15 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· https://howfarawayisit.com We have seen how massive objects bend light. Einstein’s general relativity theory shows that the more massive an object is and the smaller its radius, the greater the bending. If we were looking at light passing close to a white dwarf, we would see that the bending is 50 times greater that we get with our Sun. With a large enough mass and a small enough radius, like a Neutron Star, we actually get more than 360 degrees. In other words, the light will orbit the object several times before escaping and moving on to its final destination. So, it’s not a stretch to see that if the mass is large enough and the radius is small enough, light passing by close enough could enter a long-lasting orbit or never get out. And with enough mass, light emitted by the object itself would also be stuck inside. Nothing including light itself can escape - hence the name Black Hole. In this segment, we’ll cover how Black Holes are categorized and how they form. We’ll cover their structure and the various ways they grow. We’ll cover examples from nearby black holes in our own galaxy to the most distant black hole ever discovered. . We’ll cover the first image of a black hole ever recorded. And we’ll end with coverage of a new theory for how the first black holes may have formed - a theory driven by the fact that the James Webb Space Telescope has found large galaxies that existed before current lambda cold dark matter cosmology predicted they would.

---

34:: Ruan Ji and the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 12.10.2023 · 18:55:41 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· Set in third century China, Ruan Ji and the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove is a screen play by Sean Butler centered around Ruan's love for a fellow sage Xi Kang.

---

35:: James Webb and the Era of Reionization

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 04.08.2023 · 14:50:03 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· Text https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/James-Webb-and-the-Era-of-Reionization.pdf The processes that converted the universe from normal hydrogen to ionized hydrogen is called reionization. The theory has it that, as the number of stars, galaxies, black holes, accretion disks and jets increased in number and size, the ultraviolet, x-ray and gamma ray radiation produced became intense enough to drive the electrons out of their orbits around protons. Light absorption by hydrogen atoms ceased, and light started to travel across the universe. The key to understanding how we can measure the size and growth rates of these ionized regions is in the spectral analysis of Lyman-alpha photons. An ultraviolet Lyman-alpha photon created by a quasar in the latter stages of the reionization process would have shifted into the near-infrared by the time it reached us. This is why Webb is needed to fully explore this key cosmological process. Here’s an image take by Webb in 2023. There are more than 20,000 galaxies in this field. The Hyper-luminous quasar J0100+2802 is at the center. A deep study of this area was conducted by the Emission-line galaxies and Intergalactic Gas in the Epoch of Reionization survey – EIGER for short. As the light from these galaxies passed through transparent ionized space, the absorption lines disappear. The survey clearly shows that the expected transparent regions do exist around galaxies. The results showed that galaxies near the quasar had fully ionized the gas within a 2 million light-year radius. That’s approximately the same distance as the space between our Milky Way galaxy and Andromeda. And it showed that the ionization volumes increased over time as the light approached the expected timeframe for the fully ionized and transparent universe we have today.

---

36:: How Fast Is It - 06 - Gravitational Lensing

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 07.06.2023 · 17:07:31 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· Text https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Gravitational-Lensing-1.pdf Credits https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Credits-and-Research.pdf In this segment of the “How Fast Is It” video book, we cover gravitational lensing. First, we illustrate how the light is bent, followed by some Einstein Ring examples. We then cover the lens itself: how it magnifies; how it distorts; and how images are mapped back to the source celestial object. We also cover critical curves that can magnify an object by thousands of times. We use Abell 68 and MACS 1206 as examples. We cover flickering quasars and how they can be used to calculate the Hubble constant. We follow that with multiple Type 1a supernovae image timings that can also be used to calculate the Hubble constant. We use the supernova Refsdal with its Einstein Cross as an example. We then cover lensing galaxies like Hamilton’s Object, Starburst Arc and Abell 1689-zD1. We finish with lensing stars namely Icarus and Earendel. Music @00:00 Rachmaninoff - Symphony No. 2 Adagio - Sofia Philharmonic Orchestra; from the album “Sergie Rachmaninoff Symphony No. 2”, 2011 @14:37 Rachmaninoff - Piano Concerto No 2 in C minor – from the album “The Most Relaxing Classical Music Ever”, 1993 @23:30 Rachmaninoff - Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini - Variation 18 - from the album “The Most Relaxing Classical Music Ever”, 1997

---

37:: Classroom Aid - Gravitationally Lensed Galaxies

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 07.06.2023 · 15:24:58 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· Text https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Gravitational-Lensing-1.pdf Credits https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Credits-and-Research.pdf In this segment of the “How Fast Is It” video book, we cover gravitational lensing. First, we illustrate how the light is bent, followed by some Einstein Ring examples. We then cover the lens itself: how it magnifies; how it distorts; and how images are mapped back to the source celestial object. We also cover critical curves that can magnify an object by thousands of times. We use Abell 68 and MACS 1206 as examples. We cover flickering quasars and how they can be used to calculate the Hubble constant. We follow that with multiple Type 1a supernovae image timings that can also be used to calculate the Hubble constant. We use the supernova Refsdal with its Einstein Cross as an example. We then cover lensing galaxies like Hamilton’s Object, Starburst Arc and Abell 1689-zD1. We finish with lensing stars namely Icarus and Earendel. Music @00:00 Rachmaninoff - Symphony No. 2 Adagio - Sofia Philharmonic Orchestra; from the album “Sergie Rachmaninoff Symphony No. 2”, 2011 @14:37 Rachmaninoff - Piano Concerto No 2 in C minor – from the album “The Most Relaxing Classical Music Ever”, 1993 @23:30 Rachmaninoff - Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini - Variation 18 - from the album “The Most Relaxing Classical Music Ever”, 1997

---

38:: Classroom Aid - Einstein Rings

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 07.06.2023 · 15:01:59 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· Text https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Gravitational-Lensing-1.pdf Credits https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Credits-and-Research.pdf In this segment of the “How Fast Is It” video book, we cover gravitational lensing. First, we illustrate how the light is bent, followed by some Einstein Ring examples. We then cover the lens itself: how it magnifies; how it distorts; and how images are mapped back to the source celestial object. We also cover critical curves that can magnify an object by thousands of times. We use Abell 68 and MACS 1206 as examples. We cover flickering quasars and how they can be used to calculate the Hubble constant. We follow that with multiple Type 1a supernovae image timings that can also be used to calculate the Hubble constant. We use the supernova Refsdal with its Einstein Cross as an example. We then cover lensing galaxies like Hamilton’s Object, Starburst Arc and Abell 1689-zD1. We finish with lensing stars namely Icarus and Earendel. Music @00:00 Rachmaninoff - Symphony No. 2 Adagio - Sofia Philharmonic Orchestra; from the album “Sergie Rachmaninoff Symphony No. 2”, 2011 @14:37 Rachmaninoff - Piano Concerto No 2 in C minor – from the album “The Most Relaxing Classical Music Ever”, 1993 @23:30 Rachmaninoff - Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini - Variation 18 - from the album “The Most Relaxing Classical Music Ever”, 1997

---

39:: Classroom Aid - Gravitationally Lensed Galaxies xxy

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 06.06.2023 · 22:55:17 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· Text https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Gravitational-Lensing.pdf Credits https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Credits-and-Research.pdf In this segment of the “How Fast Is It” video book, we cover gravitational lensing. First, we illustrate how the light is bent, followed by some Einstein Ring examples. We then cover the lens itself: how it magnifies; how it distorts; and how images are mapped back to the source celestial object. We also cover critical curves that can magnify an object by thousands of times. We use Abell 68 and MACS 1206 as examples. We cover flickering quasars and how they can be used to calculate the Hubble constant. We follow that with multiple Type 1a supernovae image timings that can also be used to calculate the Hubble constant. We use the supernova Refsdal with its Einstein Cross as an example. We then cover lensing galaxies like Hamilton’s Object, Starburst Arc and Abell 1689-zD1. We finish with lensing stars namely Icarus and Earendel.

---

40:: Classroom Aid - The Gravitational Lens Itself

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 06.06.2023 · 21:52:22 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· Text https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Gravitational-Lensing.pdf Credits https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Credits-and-Research.pdf In this segment of the “How Fast Is It” video book, we cover gravitational lensing. First, we illustrate how the light is bent, followed by some Einstein Ring examples. We then cover the lens itself: how it magnifies; how it distorts; and how images are mapped back to the source celestial object. We also cover critical curves that can magnify an object by thousands of times. We use Abell 68 and MACS 1206 as examples. We cover flickering quasars and how they can be used to calculate the Hubble constant. We follow that with multiple Type 1a supernovae image timings that can also be used to calculate the Hubble constant. We use the supernova Refsdal with its Einstein Cross as an example. We then cover lensing galaxies like Hamilton’s Object, Starburst Arc and Abell 1689-zD1. We finish with lensing stars namely Icarus and Earendel.

---

41:: Classroom Aid - Gravitationally Lensed Stars

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 02.06.2023 · 15:30:51 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· Text https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Gravitational-Lensing.pdf Credits https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Credits-and-Research.pdf In this segment of the “How Fast Is It” video book, we cover gravitational lensing. First, we illustrate how the light is bent, followed by some Einstein Ring examples. We then cover the lens itself: how it magnifies; how it distorts; and how images are mapped back to the source celestial object. We also cover critical curves that can magnify an object by thousands of times. We use Abell 68 and MACS 1206 as examples. We cover flickering quasars and how they can be used to calculate the Hubble constant. We follow that with multiple Type 1a supernovae image timings that can also be used to calculate the Hubble constant. We use the supernova Refsdal with its Einstein Cross as an example. We then cover lensing galaxies like Hamilton’s Object, Starburst Arc and Abell 1689-zD1. We finish with lensing stars namely Icarus and Earendel.

---

42:: Classroom Aid - Gravitationally Lensed Supernovae

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 02.06.2023 · 14:20:05 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· Text https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Gravitational-Lensing.pdf Credits https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Credits-and-Research.pdf In this segment of the “How Fast Is It” video book, we cover gravitational lensing. First, we illustrate how the light is bent, followed by some Einstein Ring examples. We then cover the lens itself: how it magnifies; how it distorts; and how images are mapped back to the source celestial object. We also cover critical curves that can magnify an object by thousands of times. We use Abell 68 and MACS 1206 as examples. We cover flickering quasars and how they can be used to calculate the Hubble constant. We follow that with multiple Type 1a supernovae image timings that can also be used to calculate the Hubble constant. We use the supernova Refsdal with its Einstein Cross as an example. We then cover lensing galaxies like Hamilton’s Object, Starburst Arc and Abell 1689-zD1. We finish with lensing stars namely Icarus and Earendel.

---

43:: Classroom Aid - Flickering Quasars to the Hubble Constant

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 02.06.2023 · 14:12:53 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· Text https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Gravitational-Lensing.pdf Credits https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Credits-and-Research.pdf In this segment of the “How Fast Is It” video book, we cover gravitational lensing. First, we illustrate how the light is bent, followed by some Einstein Ring examples. We then cover the lens itself: how it magnifies; how it distorts; and how images are mapped back to the source celestial object. We also cover critical curves that can magnify an object by thousands of times. We use Abell 68 and MACS 1206 as examples. We cover flickering quasars and how they can be used to calculate the Hubble constant. We follow that with multiple Type 1a supernovae image timings that can also be used to calculate the Hubble constant. We use the supernova Refsdal with its Einstein Cross as an example. We then cover lensing galaxies like Hamilton’s Object, Starburst Arc and Abell 1689-zD1. We finish with lensing stars namely Icarus and Earendel.

---

44:: Classroom Aid - Gravitational Lensing Introduction

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 02.06.2023 · 03:31:48 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· Text https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Gravitational-Lensing.pdf Credits https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Credits-and-Research.pdf In this segment of the “How Fast Is It” video book, we cover gravitational lensing. First, we illustrate how the light is bent, followed by some Einstein Ring examples. We then cover the lens itself: how it magnifies; how it distorts; and how images are mapped back to the source celestial object. We also cover critical curves that can magnify an object by thousands of times. We use Abell 68 and MACS 1206 as examples. We cover flickering quasars and how they can be used to calculate the Hubble constant. We follow that with multiple Type 1a supernovae image timings that can also be used to calculate the Hubble constant. We use the supernova Refsdal with its Einstein Cross as an example. We then cover lensing galaxies like Hamilton’s Object, Starburst Arc and Abell 1689-zD1. We finish with lensing stars namely Icarus and Earendel.

---

45:: Classroom Aid - Mercury's Orbit Test

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 23.04.2023 · 03:24:36 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/General-Relativeity-II-Tests.pdf Credits http://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Credits-and-Research.pdf In this segment of the “How Fast Is It” video book, we cover the effects of general relativity and how they differ from what Newton’s gravity predicts. Our first effect is the orbit of Mercury that precesses more than Newtonian gravity predicts. To understand the non-Euclidian space that Mercury orbits in, we introduce the Schwarzschild metric and compare it to the Minkowski metric for flat space-time. We illustrate the positive curvature around the Sun using concentric circles with shrinking circumferences. We then show how this slight difference in curvature produces additional movement in the precessing perihelion of Mercury’s orbit that exactly fits the measured number. Our next effect is the bending of light. We cover Arthur Eddington’s famous measurement during a total eclipse of the Sun and show how the amount of starlight bending matched Einstein’s calculations better than Newton’s. We extend this bending effect to show how Einstein Rings and gravitational lensing work. And we show how this effect tips over light cones and changes world-lines. Our third effect is gravitational time dilation. We show how it works and cover how our GPS uses it. We also cover the Pound-Rebka experiment used the Mossbauer Effect to showed how this time dilation impacts gravitational redshift. We also illustrate how this effect resolves the Twin Paradox we introduced in the Special Relativity segment. Music Music @01:17 Mozart - Flute Concerto No. 2 in D Major: Kurt Berger, Vienna Mozart Ens; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagios Masterpieces” 2013 @12:03 Grieg - Holberg Suite, Sarabande (Andante): Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra; from the album “For the Hopeless Romantic” 2005 @19:47 Korsakov - Capriccio Espagnol: Royal Philharmonic Orchestra; from the album “Rimsky-Korsakov: Scheherazade” 2009

---

46:: Classroom Aid - Gravitational Redshift Test

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 21.04.2023 · 20:26:28 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/General-Relativeity-II-Tests.pdf Credits http://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Credits-and-Research.pdf In this segment of the “How Fast Is It” video book, we cover the effects of general relativity and how they differ from what Newton’s gravity predicts. Our first effect is the orbit of Mercury that precesses more than Newtonian gravity predicts. To understand the non-Euclidian space that Mercury orbits in, we introduce the Schwarzschild metric and compare it to the Minkowski metric for flat space-time. We illustrate the positive curvature around the Sun using concentric circles with shrinking circumferences. We then show how this slight difference in curvature produces additional movement in the precessing perihelion of Mercury’s orbit that exactly fits the measured number. Our next effect is the bending of light. We cover Arthur Eddington’s famous measurement during a total eclipse of the Sun and show how the amount of starlight bending matched Einstein’s calculations better than Newton’s. We extend this bending effect to show how Einstein Rings and gravitational lensing work. And we show how this effect tips over light cones and changes world-lines. Our third effect is gravitational time dilation. We show how it works and cover how our GPS uses it. We also cover the Pound-Rebka experiment used the Mossbauer Effect to showed how this time dilation impacts gravitational redshift. We also illustrate how this effect resolves the Twin Paradox we introduced in the Special Relativity segment. Music Music @01:17 Mozart - Flute Concerto No. 2 in D Major: Kurt Berger, Vienna Mozart Ens; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagios Masterpieces” 2013 @12:03 Grieg - Holberg Suite, Sarabande (Andante): Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra; from the album “For the Hopeless Romantic” 2005 @19:47 Korsakov - Capriccio Espagnol: Royal Philharmonic Orchestra; from the album “Rimsky-Korsakov: Scheherazade” 2009

---

47:: Classroom Aid - Pound Rebka Experiment

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 21.04.2023 · 20:22:09 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/General-Relativeity-II-Tests.pdf Credits http://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Credits-and-Research.pdf In this segment of the “How Fast Is It” video book, we cover the effects of general relativity and how they differ from what Newton’s gravity predicts. Our first effect is the orbit of Mercury that precesses more than Newtonian gravity predicts. To understand the non-Euclidian space that Mercury orbits in, we introduce the Schwarzschild metric and compare it to the Minkowski metric for flat space-time. We illustrate the positive curvature around the Sun using concentric circles with shrinking circumferences. We then show how this slight difference in curvature produces additional movement in the precessing perihelion of Mercury’s orbit that exactly fits the measured number. Our next effect is the bending of light. We cover Arthur Eddington’s famous measurement during a total eclipse of the Sun and show how the amount of starlight bending matched Einstein’s calculations better than Newton’s. We extend this bending effect to show how Einstein Rings and gravitational lensing work. And we show how this effect tips over light cones and changes world-lines. Our third effect is gravitational time dilation. We show how it works and cover how our GPS uses it. We also cover the Pound-Rebka experiment used the Mossbauer Effect to showed how this time dilation impacts gravitational redshift. We also illustrate how this effect resolves the Twin Paradox we introduced in the Special Relativity segment. Music Music @01:17 Mozart - Flute Concerto No. 2 in D Major: Kurt Berger, Vienna Mozart Ens; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagios Masterpieces” 2013 @12:03 Grieg - Holberg Suite, Sarabande (Andante): Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra; from the album “For the Hopeless Romantic” 2005 @19:47 Korsakov - Capriccio Espagnol: Royal Philharmonic Orchestra; from the album “Rimsky-Korsakov: Scheherazade” 2009

---

48:: Classroom Aid - Mercury's Orbit Test xx

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 21.04.2023 · 20:05:30 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/General-Relativeity-II-Tests.pdf Credits http://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Credits-and-Research.pdf In this segment of the “How Fast Is It” video book, we cover the effects of general relativity and how they differ from what Newton’s gravity predicts. Our first effect is the orbit of Mercury that precesses more than Newtonian gravity predicts. To understand the non-Euclidian space that Mercury orbits in, we introduce the Schwarzschild metric and compare it to the Minkowski metric for flat space-time. We illustrate the positive curvature around the Sun using concentric circles with shrinking circumferences. We then show how this slight difference in curvature produces additional movement in the precessing perihelion of Mercury’s orbit that exactly fits the measured number. Our next effect is the bending of light. We cover Arthur Eddington’s famous measurement during a total eclipse of the Sun and show how the amount of starlight bending matched Einstein’s calculations better than Newton’s. We extend this bending effect to show how Einstein Rings and gravitational lensing work. And we show how this effect tips over light cones and changes world-lines. Our third effect is gravitational time dilation. We show how it works and cover how our GPS uses it. We also cover the Pound-Rebka experiment used the Mossbauer Effect to showed how this time dilation impacts gravitational redshift. We also illustrate how this effect resolves the Twin Paradox we introduced in the Special Relativity segment. Music Music @01:17 Mozart - Flute Concerto No. 2 in D Major: Kurt Berger, Vienna Mozart Ens; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagios Masterpieces” 2013 @12:03 Grieg - Holberg Suite, Sarabande (Andante): Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra; from the album “For the Hopeless Romantic” 2005 @19:47 Korsakov - Capriccio Espagnol: Royal Philharmonic Orchestra; from the album “Rimsky-Korsakov: Scheherazade” 2009

---

49:: How Fast Is It - 05 - General Relativity II - Tests (4k)

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 21.04.2023 · 18:17:23 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· 4:25 Error in the metric spacetime interval in polar coordinates. Should be sin(theta) instead of cos(theta). text - https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/General-Relativeity-II-Tests-1.pdf Credits - http://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Credits-and-Research.pdf In this segment of the “How Fast Is It” video book, we cover the effects of general relativity and how they differ from what Newton’s gravity predicts. Our first effect is the orbit of Mercury that precesses more than Newtonian gravity predicts. To understand the non-Euclidian space that Mercury orbits in, we introduce the Schwarzschild metric and compare it to the Minkowski metric for flat space-time. We illustrate the positive curvature around the Sun using concentric circles with shrinking circumferences. We then show how this slight difference in curvature produces additional movement in the precessing perihelion of Mercury’s orbit that exactly fits the measured number. Our next effect is the bending of light. We cover Arthur Eddington’s famous measurement during a total eclipse of the Sun and show how the amount of starlight bending matched Einstein’s calculations better than Newton’s. We extend this bending effect to show how Einstein Rings and gravitational lensing work. And we show how this effect tips over light cones and changes world-lines. Our third effect is gravitational time dilation. We show how it works and cover how our GPS uses it. We also cover the Pound-Rebka experiment used the Mossbauer Effect to showed how this time dilation impacts gravitational redshift. We also illustrate how this effect resolves the Twin Paradox we introduced in the Special Relativity segment. Music @01:17 Mozart - Flute Concerto No. 2 in D Major: Kurt Berger, Vienna Mozart Ens; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagios Masterpieces” 2013 @12:03 Grieg - Holberg Suite, Sarabande (Andante): Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra; from the album “For the Hopeless Romantic” 2005 @19:47 Korsakov - Capriccio Espagnol: Royal Philharmonic Orchestra; from the album “Rimsky-Korsakov: Scheherazade” 2009

---

50:: Classroom Aid - General Relativity Tests Introduction

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 17.04.2023 · 13:03:35 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· https://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/General-Relativeity-II-Tests.pdf Credits http://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Credits-and-Research.pdf In this segment of the “How Fast Is It” video book, we cover the effects of general relativity and how they differ from what Newton’s gravity predicts. Our first effect is the orbit of Mercury that precesses more than Newtonian gravity predicts. To understand the non-Euclidian space that Mercury orbits in, we introduce the Schwarzschild metric and compare it to the Minkowski metric for flat space-time. We illustrate the positive curvature around the Sun using concentric circles with shrinking circumferences. We then show how this slight difference in curvature produces additional movement in the precessing perihelion of Mercury’s orbit that exactly fits the measured number. Our next effect is the bending of light. We cover Arthur Eddington’s famous measurement during a total eclipse of the Sun and show how the amount of starlight bending matched Einstein’s calculations better than Newton’s. We extend this bending effect to show how Einstein Rings and gravitational lensing work. And we show how this effect tips over light cones and changes world-lines. Our third effect is gravitational time dilation. We show how it works and cover how our GPS uses it. We also cover the Pound-Rebka experiment used the Mossbauer Effect to showed how this time dilation impacts gravitational redshift. We also illustrate how this effect resolves the Twin Paradox we introduced in the Special Relativity segment.

---

51:: Classroom Aid - Twin Paradox Resolved

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 16.04.2023 · 23:58:37 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ···

---

52:: Classroom Aid - Gravitational Time Dilation

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 10.04.2023 · 21:40:13 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ···

---

53:: Classroom Aid - Light Cone Tipping

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 10.04.2023 · 21:05:29 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ···

---

54:: Classroom Aid - Pound Rebka Experiment

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 02.04.2023 · 14:10:48 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ···

---

55:: Classroom Aid - Gravitational Redshift Test

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 25.03.2023 · 02:27:48 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ···

---

56:: Classroom Aid - The Sun Bending Light Test

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 12.03.2023 · 17:36:48 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ···

---

57:: Classroom Aid - Mercury's Orbit Test

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 01.03.2023 · 23:57:18 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ···

---

58:: How Fast Is It - 04 - General Relativity 1 - Geometry (4K)

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 10.02.2023 · 18:10:29 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ···

---

59:: Classroom Aid - Riemannian Curvature Tensor

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 10.02.2023 · 14:44:01 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ···

---

60:: Classroom Aid - Non-Euclidean Geometry

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 10.02.2023 · 14:20:01 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ···

---

61:: Classroom Aid - Einstein Field Equations

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 08.02.2023 · 06:28:23 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ···

---

62:: Classroom Aid - Riemannian Curvature Tensor xy

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 08.02.2023 · 05:18:09 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ···

---

63:: Classroom Aid - Measuring Geodesics

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 08.02.2023 · 05:09:37 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ···

---

64:: Classroom Aid - Non-Euclidian Geometry xy

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 08.02.2023 · 05:01:41 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ···

---

65:: Classroom Aid - Absolute vs Relative Space and Time

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 08.02.2023 · 01:56:03 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ···

---

66:: Classroom Aid - Inertial vs Gravitational Mass

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 08.02.2023 · 00:17:43 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ···

---

67:: Classroom Aid - Equivalence Principle

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 07.02.2023 · 23:55:18 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ···

---

68:: 2022 Review - Hubble and James Webb

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 09.01.2023 · 18:19:26 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ···

---

69:: Classroom Aid - 2022 Review Credits

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 04.01.2023 · 21:08:55 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ···

---

70:: Classroom Aid - James Webb - Hubble - Galactic Dust in VV191b

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 04.01.2023 · 21:06:50 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ···

---

71:: Classroom Aid - Hickson Compact Group 40

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 04.01.2023 · 20:19:56 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ···

---

72:: How Fast Is It - 03 - Special Relativity

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 06.12.2022 · 17:48:12 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ···

---

73:: Classroom Aid - Twin Paradox

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 30.11.2022 · 19:06:45 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ···

---

74:: Classroom Aid - Minkowski Space-Time

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 30.11.2022 · 18:52:48 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ···

---

75:: Classroom Aid - Special Relativity Postulates

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 30.11.2022 · 18:27:41 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ···

---

76:: Classroom Aid - Simultaneity Lost

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 30.11.2022 · 18:13:57 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ···

---

77:: Classroom Aid - Relativistic Momentum

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 30.11.2022 · 18:05:04 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ···

---

78:: Classroom Aid - Adding Velocities

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 30.11.2022 · 15:56:38 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ···

---

79:: Classroom Aid - Space Contraction

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 30.11.2022 · 15:47:40 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ···

---

80:: Classroom Aid - Time Dilation

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 30.11.2022 · 14:46:11 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ···

---

81:: Classroom Aid - Special Relativity Introduction

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 30.11.2022 · 14:37:38 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ···

---

82:: James Webb, Hubble - Earendel - 1st Population III Star (maybe)

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 07.10.2022 · 14:46:32 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ···

---

83:: James Webb - 30 Doradus-Tarantula

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 14.09.2022 · 17:27:03 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ···

---

84:: Classroom Aid - Cosmology Futures

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 01.09.2022 · 16:56:33 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ···

---

85:: James Webb - CEERS Deep Field

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 29.08.2022 · 02:08:46 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ···

---

86:: Classroom Aid - Bell's Inequality

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 12.08.2022 · 22:26:36 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ···

---

87:: How Far Away Is It - 2022 JWST 1st Release

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 09.08.2022 · 00:00:00 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ···

---