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The Great War

30.05.2024 · 09:36:11 ···
01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ···
29.07.2023 · 22:51:23 ··· 5 ··· ··· 37 ··· Jeremia
30.05.2024 · 09:36:11 ···
01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ···
29.07.2023 · 22:51:23 ··· 5 ··· ··· 37 ··· Jeremia

1:: Snipers in World War 1 (Documentary)

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 09.02.2024 · 14:00:05 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· Support us and get 40% off Nebula: https://go.nebula.tv/the-great-war Watch Red Atoms on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/redatoms In fall 1914, the British and French armies on the First World Wadustr’s Western Front were wrestling with a problem: unseen German riflemen were picking off any man who showed himself above the trench. Something had to be done about it – and the result was the birth of the modern sniper. » SUPPORT THE CHANNEL Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realtimehistory Nebula: https://nebula.tv/the-great-war » THANKS TO OUR CO-PRODUCERS David Garfinkle, Raymond Martin, Konstantin Bredyuk, Lisa Anderson, Brad Durbin, Jeremy K Jones, Murray Godfrey, John Ozment, Stephen Parker, Mavrides, Kristina Colburn, Stefan Jackowski, Cardboard, William Kincade, William Wallace, Daniel L Garza, Chris Daley, Malcolm Swan, Christoph Wolf, Simen Røste, Jim F Barlow, Taylor Allen, Adam Smith, James Giliberto, Albert B. Knapp MD, Tobias Wildenblanck, Richard L Benkin, Marco Kuhnert, Matt Barnes, Ramon Rijkhoek, Jan, Scott Deederly, gsporie, Kekoa, Bruce G. Hearns, Hans Broberg, Fogeltje » SOURCES Campana, Michele. Perchè ho Ucciso. 1918. Goya, Michel. “Une brève histoire des snipers 2e partie : les chasseurs industriels.” https://lavoiedelepee.blogspot.com/2021/05/la-voie-de-lepee-une-breve-histoire-des.html Pegler, Martin. Sniping in the Great War. 2008. Plaster, John. The History of Sniping and Sharpshooting. 2008. Schäfer, Robin. “‘The men behind the scope’: German snipers in the First World War, part 2.” https://irontime.substack.com/p/the-men-behind-the-scope-german-snipers Schäfer, Robin. “’A Dirty Duty Well Performed: German Snipers in the First World War.’” https://irontime.substack.com/p/a-dirty-duty-well-performed-german Uyar, Mesut. The Ottoman Army in the First World War. 2020 » OUR SISTER CHANNEL https://youtube.com/realtimehistory »CREDITS Presented by: Jesse Alexander Written by: Jesse Alexander Director: Toni Steller Editing: Toni Steller Motion Design: Toni Steller Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: http://above-zero.com Research by: Jesse Alexander Fact checking: Florian Wittig Executive Producer: Florian Wittig Channel Design: Yves Thimian Lebel 1886 Model by Diedrik Droesbeke Contains licensed material by getty images, AP and Reuters Maps: MapTiler/OpenStreetMap Contributors & GEOlayers3 All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2024

2:: How the First World War Created the Middle East Conflicts (Documentary)

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 08.12.2023 · 14:00:41 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· Support us and get 40% off Nebula: https://go.nebula.tv/the-great-war Watch Red Atoms on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/redatoms Nebula Lifetime Membership: https://go.nebula.tv/lifetime?ref=thegreatwar The modern Middle East is a region troubled by war, terrorism, weak and failed states, and civil unrest. But how did it get this way? The map of today’s Middle East was mostly drawn after the First World War, and the war that planted many of the seeds of conflict that still plague Israel, Palestine, Iraq, Syria and even Iran today. » SUPPORT THE CHANNEL Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realtimehistory Nebula: https://nebula.tv/the-great-war » THANKS TO OUR CO-PRODUCERS Raymond Martin, Konstantin Bredyuk, Lisa Anderson, Brad Durbin, Jeremy K Jones, Murray Godfrey, John Ozment, Stephen Parker, Mavrides, Kristina Colburn, Stefan Jackowski, Cardboard, William Kincade, William Wallace, Daniel L Garza, Chris Daley, Malcolm Swan, Christoph Wolf, Simen Røste, Jim F Barlow, Taylor Allen, Adam Smith, James Giliberto, Albert B. Knapp MD, Tobias Wildenblanck, Richard L Benkin, Marco Kuhnert, Matt Barnes, Ramon Rijkhoek, Jan, Scott Deederly, gsporie, Kekoa, Bruce G. Hearns, Hans Broberg, Fogeltje » SOURCES Allawi, Ali. Faisal I of Iraq (Yale University Press, 2014). Bickerton, Ian & Klausner, Carla L. A History of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, (Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Prentice Hall, 2007) Cohen, Hillel, “Zionism as a blessing to the Arabs”, in Cohen, Michael J (ed.), The British Mandate in Palestine: A Centenary Volume, 1920–2020, (London : Routledge 2020) Fromkin, David. A Peace to End All Peace (Macmillan, 2009 [1989]). Halamish, Aviva, “Jewish Immigration” in Cohen, Michael J (ed.), The British Mandate in Palestine: A Centenary Volume, 1920–2020, (London : Routledge 2020) Jabotinsky, Ze’ev, “The Iron Wall” (1923) http://en.jabotinsky.org/media/9747/the-iron-wall.pdf Kadhim, Abbas. Reclaiming Iraq: the 1920 revolution and the founding of the modern state (U of Texas Press, 2012). Karsh, Efraim & Karsh, Inari, Empires of the Sand: The Struggle for Mastery in the Middle East 1789-1923, (Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press, 1999) Karsh, Efraim, Palestine Betrayed, (New Haven : Yale University Press, 2010) Kessler, Oren, “1921 Jaffa riots 100 years on: Mandatory Palestine’s 1st ‘mass casualty’ attack” The Times of Israel, (May 2021) https://www.timesofisrael.com/1921-jaffa-riots-100-years-on-mandatory-palestines-1st-mass-casualty-event/ Khalidi, Rashid, “The Balfour Declaration from the Perspective of the Palestinian People”, United Nations, (November 2017) https://www.un.org/unispal/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Lecture-by-Prof.-Rashid-Khalidi-100-years-since-Balfour-Decl-UN-2Nov2017.pdf Khalidi, Rashid, The Hundred Years' War on Palestine: a History of Settler Colonialism and Resistance, 1917-2017, (New York : Metropolitan Books, 2020) “King-Crane Commission Digital Collection” Oberlin College Library. http://dcollections.oberlin.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/kingcrane/id/722/rec/32 Naaman, Abdullah. Le Liban: histoire d’une nation inachevée. Paris, Timothy J. Britain, The Hashemites and Arab Rule 1920-1925, (London : Frank Cass, 2003) Provence, Michael, The Last Ottoman Generation and the Making of the Modern Middle East, (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2017) Regan, Bernard, The Balfour Declaration: Empire, Mandate and Resistance in Palestine, (London : Verso, 2017) Safty, Adel, Might over Right: How the Zionists Took Over Palestine, (Reading : Garnet Publishing, 2009) Schindler, Colin, “The origins of militant Zionism during the British Mandate” in Cohen, Michael J (ed.), The British Mandate in Palestine: A Centenary Volume, 1920–2020, (London : Routledge 2020) Schneer, Jonathan, The Balfour Declaration: The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, (New York : Random House, 2013) Segev, Tom, One Palestine, Complete: Jews and Arabs under the British mandate, (London : Abacus, 2014) Stein, Kenneth W. “Zionist land acquisition” in Cohen, Michael J (ed.), The British Mandate in Palestine: A Centenary Volume, 1920–2020, (London : Routledge 2020) » OUR SISTER CHANNEL https://youtube.com/realtimehistory »CREDITS Presented by: Jesse Alexander Written by: Jesse Alexander Director: Toni Steller & Florian Wittig Director of Photography: Toni Steller Sound: Toni Steller Editing: Philipp Appelt Motion Design: Philipp Appelt Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: http://above-zero.com Research by: Jesse Alexander Fact checking: Florian Wittig, Mark Newton Channel Design: Yves Thimian Contains licensed material by getty images and AP Archive Maps: MapTiler/OpenStreetMap Contributors & GEOlayers3 All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2023

3:: World War Zero: 3 Conflicts That Foreshadowed WW1 (Full Documentary)

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 23.11.2023 · 14:00:03 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· If you want to know about another important war that set the stage for WW1, check out our Franco-Prussian War documentary: https://youtu.be/vWZz-lHCu-M?si=GfrdJgJwnVKWlAjg 00:00 Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 28:43 Italo-Turkish War 1911-1912 57:47 Balkan Wars 1912-1913 » SUPPORT THE CHANNEL Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realtimehistory Nebula: https://nebula.tv/the-great-war » THANKS TO OUR CO-PRODUCERS Raymond Martin, Konstantin Bredyuk, Lisa Anderson, Brad Durbin, Jeremy K Jones, Murray Godfrey, John Ozment, Stephen Parker, Mavrides, Kristina Colburn, Stefan Jackowski, Cardboard, William Kincade, William Wallace, Daniel L Garza, Chris Daley, Malcolm Swan, Christoph Wolf, Simen Røste, Jim F Barlow, Taylor Allen, Adam Smith, James Giliberto, Albert B. Knapp MD, Tobias Wildenblanck, Richard L Benkin, Marco Kuhnert, Matt Barnes, Ramon Rijkhoek, Jan, Scott Deederly, gsporie, Kekoa, Bruce G. Hearns, Hans Broberg, Fogeltje » SOURCES CHAPTER 1: https://youtu.be/deuzVsKMsTA CHAPTER 2: https://youtu.be/xJepy18PAlM CHAPTER 3: https://youtu.be/H_cXXePNW9w » OUR SISTER CHANNEL https://youtube.com/realtimehistory »CREDITS Presented by: Jesse Alexander Written by: Mark Newton, Jesse Alexander Director: Toni Steller & Florian Wittig Director of Photography: Toni Steller Sound: Toni Steller Editing: Jose Gamez, Toni Steller Motion Design: Elise Hersink Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: http://above-zero.com Research by: Mark Newton, Jesse Alexander Fact checking: Florian Wittig, Jesse Alexander Channel Design: Yves Thimian Contains licensed material by getty images and AP Archive Maps: MapTiler/OpenStreetMap Contributors & GEOlayers3 All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2023

4:: Why Germany Lost the First World War (Documentary)

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 10.11.2023 · 15:00:44 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· Support us and get 40% off Nebula: https://go.nebula.tv/the-great-war Watch 16 Days in Berlin on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/videos/16-days-in-berlin-01-prologue-the-beginning-of-the-end?ref=the-great-war Germany's defeat in the First World War has been blamed on all kinds of factors or has even been denied outright as part of the stab in the back myth. But why did Germany actually lose? » SUPPORT THE CHANNEL Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realtimehistory Nebula: https://nebula.tv/the-great-war » THANKS TO OUR CO-PRODUCERS Raymond Martin, Konstantin Bredyuk, Lisa Anderson, Brad Durbin, Jeremy K Jones, Murray Godfrey, John Ozment, Stephen Parker, Mavrides, Kristina Colburn, Stefan Jackowski, Cardboard, William Kincade, William Wallace, Daniel L Garza, Chris Daley, Malcolm Swan, Christoph Wolf, Simen Røste, Jim F Barlow, Taylor Allen, Adam Smith, James Giliberto, Albert B. Knapp MD, Tobias Wildenblanck, Richard L Benkin, Marco Kuhnert, Matt Barnes, Ramon Rijkhoek, Jan, Scott Deederly, gsporie, Kekoa, Bruce G. Hearns, Hans Broberg, Fogeltje » SOURCES Leonard P. Ayers, ed. The war with Germany: a statistical summary. 1919. Stevenson, David. With Our Backs to the Wall. Victory and Defeat in 1918. 2011. Stevenson, David. 1914-1918. The History of the First World War. 2012. Ferguson, Niall. The Pity of War. Explaining World War I. 1999. Hart, Peter. The Great War 1914-1918. 2013. Watson, Alexander. Ring of Steel. Germany and Austria Hungary at War. 2014. Zroka, Ryan. “If Only This War Would End:” German Soldiers in the Last Year of the First World War. PhD Dissertation, University of California San Diego, 2013. Afflerbach, Holger. Auf Messers Schneide. Wie das Deutsche Reich den Ersten Weltkrieg verlor. 2018. Tunstall, Grayden. „The Military Collapse of the Central Powers.” https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/the_military_collapse_of_the_central_powers Goya, Michel. Les Vainqueurs: Comment la France a gagné la Grande Guerre. 2018. Keegan, John. The First World War. 2000. » OUR SISTER CHANNEL https://youtube.com/realtimehistory »CREDITS Presented by: Jesse Alexander Written by: Jesse Alexander Director: Toni Steller & Florian Wittig Director of Photography: Toni Steller Sound: Toni Steller Editing: Toni Steller Motion Design: Philipp Appelt Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: http://above-zero.com Research by: Jesse Alexander Fact checking: Florian Wittig Channel Design: Yves Thimian Contains licensed material by getty images and AP Archive Maps: MapTiler/OpenStreetMap Contributors & GEOlayers3 All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2023

5:: Was Cavalry Useless in the First World War?

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 13.10.2023 · 13:00:13 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· Get Nebula with 40% off annual subscription with my link: https://go.nebula.tv/thegreatwar Watch Red Atoms on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/redatoms?ref=thegreatwar The First World War was a catalyst for modern warfare with tanks, poison gas, flamethrowers and more. Cavalry didn't have a place anymore on the modern battlefield - or so the common misconception goes. In this video we show how useful cavalry still was in WW1. » SUPPORT THE CHANNEL Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realtimehistory Nebula: https://nebula.tv/the-great-war » THANKS TO OUR CO-PRODUCERS Raymond Martin, Konstantin Bredyuk, Lisa Anderson, Brad Durbin, Jeremy K Jones, Murray Godfrey, John Ozment, Stephen Parker, Mavrides, Kristina Colburn, Stefan Jackowski, Cardboard, William Kincade, William Wallace, Daniel L Garza, Chris Daley, Malcolm Swan, Christoph Wolf, Simen Røste, Jim F Barlow, Taylor Allen, Adam Smith, James Giliberto, Albert B. Knapp MD, Tobias Wildenblanck, Richard L Benkin, Marco Kuhnert, Matt Barnes, Ramon Rijkhoek, Jan, Scott Deederly, gsporie, Kekoa, Bruce G. Hearns, Hans Broberg, Fogeltje » SOURCES Anglesey, Marquess of A History of the British Cavalry 1816-1919 Volume 5: 1914-1919 Egypt, Palestine & Syria, (Barnsley: Leo Cooper, 1994). Anglesey, Marquess of, A History of the British Cavalry 1816-1919 Volume 8: 1915-1918, Epilogue, 1919-1939, (Barnsley: Leo Cooper, 1997) Kindle Edition. Bou, Jean, Light Horse: A History of Australia’s Mounted Arm, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010). Cavalry Training, 1915, reprint edition (Brambleside: The Naval & Military Press Ltd.). Kenyon, David, Horsemen in No Man’s Land: British Cavalry & Trench Warfare 1914-1918 (Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books Ltd., 2011). Littauer, Vladimir, Russian Hussar: A Story of The Imperial Cavalry, 1911-1920, (Shippensburg, White Mane Publishing, 1993). Mallet, Christian, Impressions and Experiences of a French Trooper, 1914-1915 (New York: E. P. Dutton & Company, 1916). The Cavalry School, Cavalry Combat (Harrisburg: The Telegraph Press, 1937). The Cavalry School, History of Cavalry During the World War, (Fort Riley: Quartermaster Corps Printing Plant, 1923). » OUR SISTER CHANNEL https://youtube.com/realtimehistory »CREDITS Presented by: Jesse Alexander Written by: Mattew Novosad, Jesse Alexander Director: Toni Steller & Florian Wittig Director of Photography: Toni Steller Sound: Toni Steller Editing: Toni Steller Motion Design: Toni Steller Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: http://above-zero.com Research by: Matthew Novosad Fact checking: Florian Wittig Channel Design: Yves Thimian Contains licensed material by getty images and AP Archive Maps: MapTiler/OpenStreetMap Contributors & GEOlayers3 All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2023

6:: The Death of the Russian Army 1917 (WW1 Documentary)

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 09.09.2023 · 13:30:28 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· Get a 2-year NordVPN plan plus 4 additional months with a HUGE discount: https://nordvpn.com/thegreatwar As 1917 began, the Russian army was larger and better-equipped than ever before. Within weeks, the Tsar and his dynasty were gone, and by the summer, the Russian army was disintegrating before the eyes of its generals – but how exactly did one of the most powerful armies in the world collapse? » SUPPORT THE CHANNEL Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realtimehistory Nebula: https://nebula.tv/the-great-war » THANKS TO OUR CO-PRODUCERS Konstantin Bredyuk, Lisa Anderson, Brad Durbin, Jeremy K Jones, Murray Godfrey, John Ozment, Stephen Parker, Mavrides, Kristina Colburn, Stefan Jackowski, Cardboard, William Kincade, William Wallace, Daniel L Garza, Chris Daley, Malcolm Swan, Christoph Wolf, Simen Røste, Jim F Barlow, Taylor Allen, Adam Smith, James Giliberto, Albert B. Knapp MD, Tobias Wildenblanck, Richard L Benkin, Marco Kuhnert, Matt Barnes, Ramon Rijkhoek, Jan, Scott Deederly, gsporie, Kekoa, Bruce G. Hearns, Hans Broberg, Fogeltje » SOURCES Engelstein Laura. Russia in Flames : War, Revolution, Civil War, 1914–1921 (NY.: OUP, 2018). Figes, Orlando. A People’s Tragedy. Stone, David. The Russian Army in the Great War: The Eastern Front, 1914-1917 (Kansas UP, 2015). Gulʹ, Roman. (1966). Oral history interview with Roman Borisovich Gul' 1966. Columbia Digital Library Collections [Columbia University Libraries]. [Oral histories sound recording]. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-ymra-bx03 Palmer, Svetlana and Sarah Wallis. A War in Words (London: Simon and Shuster, 2003). Reese R. Roger. The Imperial Russian Army in Peace, War, and Revolution, 1856–1917 (Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 2019). Smele, Jonathan. The ‘Russian’ Civil Wars 1916-1926 (London: Hurst, 2015). Асташов А.Б. Русский фронт в 1914 ֊ начале 1917 года: военный опыт и современность (Москва : Новый хронограф, 2014). Базанов С.Н. Великая война: как погибала Русская армия (Москва: Вече, 2014). Гребёнкин И. Н. Разложение российской армии в 1917 г.: факторы и акторы процесса // Новейшая история России. 2014. № 3. С. 145-161. Доброволицы. Сборник воспоминаний (Москва: Русский путь, 2001) Уайлдман А. Разложение императорской армии в 1917 г. // Критический словарь Русской революции. СПб.: Нестор-История, 2014. С. 78-87. » OUR SISTER CHANNEL https://youtube.com/realtimehistory »CREDITS Presented by: Jesse Alexander Written by: Jesse Alexander Director: Toni Steller & Florian Wittig Director of Photography: Toni Steller Sound: Toni Steller Editing: Philipp Appelt Motion Design: Philipp Appelt Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: http://above-zero.com Research by: Jesse Alexander, Sofia Shirogorova Fact checking: Florian Wittig Channel Design: Yves Thimian Contains licensed material by getty images and AP Archive Maps: MapTiler/OpenStreetMap Contributors & GEOlayers3 Music Library: Epidemic Sound All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2023

7:: The Deadliest Day of WW1

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 28.04.2023 · 14:30:07 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· Get Nebula with 40% annual subscription with my link: https://go.nebula.tv/the-great-war Watch Red Atoms on Nebula: https://go.nebula.tv/redatoms?ref=the-great-war What was the deadliest day of any nation in WW1? There are multiple candidates for that, but why should we even care? Well, the answer to this question highlights a challenge with popular memory that is often focused on the biggest battles of the war like the Somme or Verdun. » SUPPORT THE CHANNEL Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realtimehistory Nebula: https://nebula.tv/the-great-war » THANKS TO OUR CO-PRODUCERS Jeremy K Jones, Murray Godfrey, John Ozment, Stephen Parker, Mavrides, Kristina Colburn, Stefan Jackowski, Cardboard, William Kincade, William Wallace, Daniel L Garza, Chris Daley, Malcolm Swan, Christoph Wolf, Simen Røste, Jim F Barlow, Taylor Allen, Adam Smith, James Giliberto, Albert B. Knapp MD, Tobias Wildenblanck, Richard L Benkin, Marco Kuhnert, Matt Barnes, Ramon Rijkhoek, Jan, Scott Deederly, gsporie, Kekoa, Bruce G. Hearns, Hans Broberg, Fogeltje » SOURCES Arthur, John. The Seventeenth Highland Light Infantry. (Glasgow Chamber of Commerce Battalion) Record of war Service, 1914-1918. David Clarke, Glasgow, 1920. Desaubliaux, Robert, La ruée, journal d'un poilu. Paris, éditions des Presses de la Renaissance, 2005 (première édition 1919). Doughty, Robert A. Pyrrhic Victory. Harvard University Press. Kindle Edition. Duclos, Jean, and Louis-Jean Duclos. 2012. Notes de campagne, 1914-1916: suivies d'un épilogue, 1917-1925, et commentées par son fils, Louis-Jean Duclos. Paris: Harmattan. Greenhalgh, Elizabeth. The French Army and the First World War (Armies of the Great War) Cambridge University Press. Kindle Edition. Historique du 2e régt [ régiment ] de marche de zouaves du 2 août 1914 au 11 novembre 1918 https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k63583121 Historique du 5e régiment de hussards pendant la guerre 1914-1918 https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6228021w https://www.memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr/ Jünger, Ernst. The Storm of Steel: Original 1929 Translation. Mystery Grove Publishing Co., LLC. Kindle Edition. Pointel, Bernard, Baguer-Pican de Napoléon à nos jours, 1800-1994, Dinan, Grand Ouest Editions, 2000 cited in: Erwan Le Gall. Le 47e régiment d’infanterie pendant la Première Guerre mondiale. Histoire. Université Rennes 2, 2019. Rachamimov, Alon. POWs and the Great War: Captivity on the Eastern Front, New York, Berg Publishers, 2002. Sheldon, Jack. The German Army on the Western Front 1915. Pen & Sword Books. Kindle Edition. Smith, Leonard V. Between Mutiny and Obedience: The Case of the French Fifth Infantry Division during World War I: 225 (Princeton Legacy Library) Princeton University Press. Kindle Edition. https://www.1jour1poilu.com/ Veaux, Georges. En Suivant Nos Soldats De L'ouest: Carnet De Route Publie Avec L'autorisation Du Ministe Re De La Guerre. Charleroi - Guise - La Retraite - La Marne - La Poursuite - Reims - Craonne - La Course a La Mer - Arras -Vermelles - L'Yser. Rennes: Impr. Oberthur, 1917. » OUR SISTER CHANNEL https://youtube.com/realtimehistory »CREDITS Presented by: Jesse Alexander Written by: James Taub, Mark Newton, Jesse Alexander Director: Toni Steller & Florian Wittig Director of Photography: Toni Steller Sound: Toni Steller Editing: Toni Steller Motion Design: Toni Steller Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: http://above-zero.com Research by: James Taub Fact checking: Jesse Alexander, Mark Newton Channel Design: Yves Thimian Contains licensed material by getty images and AP Archive Maps: MapTiler/OpenStreetMap Contributors & GEOlayers3 All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2023

8:: How Poland Stopped the Red Army in 1920

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 24.03.2023 · 16:30:00 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· Support us and get 40% off Nebula: https://go.nebula.tv/the-great-war Watch 16 Days in Berlin on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/videos/16-days-in-berlin-01-prologue-the-beginning-of-the-end?ref=the-great-war The Polish-Soviet War was one of the most important conflicts in the aftermath of the First World War when Eastern Europe was in flux. Both the Polish and the Bolshevik Army had the advantage numerous times and at the Battle of Warsaw is looked like the Bolsheviks would carry the revolution into Western Europe. » SUPPORT THE CHANNEL Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realtimehistory Nebula: https://nebula.tv/realtimehistory » THANKS TO OUR CO-PRODUCERS Murray Godfrey, John Ozment, Stephen Parker, Mavrides, Kristina Colburn, Stefan Jackowski, Cardboard, William Kincade, William Wallace, Daniel L Garza, Chris Daley, Malcolm Swan, Christoph Wolf, Simen Røste, Jim F Barlow, Taylor Allen, Adam Smith, James Giliberto, Albert B. Knapp MD, Tobias Wildenblanck, Richard L Benkin, Marco Kuhnert, Matt Barnes, Ramon Rijkhoek, Jan, Scott Deederly, gsporie, Kekoa, Bruce G. Hearns, Hans Broberg, Fogeltje » SOURCES Smele, Jonathan. The ‘Russian’ Civil Wars 1916-1926 (London: Hurst, 2015). Mawdsley, Evan. The Russian Civil War (New York: Pegasus Books, 2005). Leonhard, Jörn. Der überforderte Frieden. Versailles und die Welt 1918-1923 (CH Beck, 2018). Macmillan, Margaret. The Peacemakers: Six Months That Changed the World (London: John Murray, 2001) Dudko, Oksana: Polish-Ukrainian Conflict over Eastern Galicia , in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. by Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson, issued by Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 2014-10-08 https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/polish-ukrainian_conflict_over_eastern_galicia Davies, Norman. White Eagle Red Star (Random House, 2003 (1972)) Böhler, Jochen. Civil War in Central Europe, 1918-1921 (Oxford University Press, 2019) Timothy Snyder. The Reconstruction of Nations. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003) Centek, Jarosław: Polish-Soviet War 1920-1921 , in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. by Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson, issued by Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 2014-10-08 Borzecki, Jerzy. The Polish-Soviet Peace of 1921 and the Creation of Interwar Europe (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2008) Engelstein, Laura. Russia in Flames (Oxford University Press, 2017). Lehnstaedt, Stephan. Der Vergessene Sieg. Der Polnisch-Sowjetische Krieg 1919-1921 und die Entstehung des modernen Osteuropa (CH Beck, 2019) » OUR SISTER CHANNEL https://youtube.com/realtimehistory »CREDITS Presented by: Jesse Alexander Written by: Jesse Alexander Director: Toni Steller & Florian Wittig Director of Photography: Toni Steller Sound: Toni Steller Editing: Toni Steller Motion Design: Toni Steller Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: http://above-zero.com Research by: Jesse Alexander Fact checking: Florian Wittig Channel Design: Yves Thimian Contains licensed material by getty images and AP Archive Maps: MapTiler/OpenStreetMap Contributors & GEOlayers3 All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2022

9:: Spain's Forgotten War in North Africa

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 24.02.2023 · 15:30:00 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· Support us and get 40% off Nebula: https://go.nebula.tv/the-great-war Watch RHINELAND 45 in Nebula: https://nebula.tv/videos/real-time-history-1-come-hell-or-high-water-i-rhineland-45?ref=the-great-war The Rif War between Spain and the Rif Republic gave rise to a young Spanish officer named Francisco Franco - who later would become Spanish dictator. After Spain had almost lost the war against the Rifi people, they got help from France and WW1 hero Philippe Pétain. » SUPPORT THE CHANNEL Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realtimehistory Nebula: https://nebula.tv/realtimehistory » THANKS TO OUR CO-PRODUCERS Murray Godfrey, John Ozment, Stephen Parker, Mavrides, Kristina Colburn, Stefan Jackowski, Cardboard, William Kincade, William Wallace, Daniel L Garza, Chris Daley, Malcolm Swan, Christoph Wolf, Simen Røste, Jim F Barlow, Taylor Allen, Adam Smith, James Giliberto, Albert B. Knapp MD, Tobias Wildenblanck, Richard L Benkin, Marco Kuhnert, Matt Barnes, Ramon Rijkhoek, Jan, Scott Deederly, gsporie, Kekoa, Bruce G. Hearns, Hans Broberg, Fogeltje » SOURCES Álvarez, José E., The Betrothed of Death: The Spanish Foreign Legion During the Rif Rebellion, 1920-1927, (Westport, CT : Greenwood Press, 2001) Balfour, Sebastian & La Porte, Pablo, “Spanish Military Cultures and the Moroccan Wars, 1909–36”, European History Quarterly, Vol. 30, No. 3, (2000) Chandler, James M. “Spain and Her Moroccan Protectorate 1898 - 1927”, Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 10, No. 2, (1975) Harris, Walter B,. France, Spain and the Rif, (London : Edward Arnold & Co., 1927) Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce, “Abdelkrim: Whose Hero is He? The Politics of Contested Memory in Today's Morocco”, The Brown Journal of World Affairs, Vol. 18, No. 2, (2012) Pack, Sasha D, The Deepest Border : The Strait of Gibraltar and the Making of the Modern Hispano-African Borderland, (Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press, 2019) Pennell, C R, A Country with a Government and a Flag: the Rif War in Morocco, 1921-1926, (Wisbech : Middle East and North African Studies Press Ltd, 1986) Pennell, C R, “Ideology and Practical Politics: A Case Study of the Rif War in Morocco, 1921-1926”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 14, No. 1, (1982) Peyron, Michael, The Berbers of Morocco: A History of Resistance, (London : Bloomsbury, 2020) Sangster, Andrew, Probing the Enigma of Franco, (Cambridge : Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2018) Woolman, David S. Rebels in the Rif: Abd el Krim and the Rif Rebellion, (Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1969) » OUR SISTER CHANNEL https://youtube.com/realtimehistory »CREDITS Presented by: Jesse Alexander Written by: Mark Newton, Jesse Alexander Director: Toni Steller & Florian Wittig Director of Photography: Toni Steller Sound: Toni Steller Editing: Jose Gamez Motion Design: Toni Steller Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: http://above-zero.com Research by: Mark Newton Fact checking: Jesse Alexander Channel Design: Yves Thimian Contains licensed material by getty images and AP Archive Maps: MapTiler/OpenStreetMap Contributors & GEOlayers3 All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2023

10:: Why The British Empire Almost Lost in South Africa

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 17.02.2023 · 15:30:15 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· The 2nd Boer War saw the British Empire bring to bear the entire imperial might to put to rest a dispute with the Boer Republics in South Africa. With scorched earth tactics and the use of concentration camps, the Boer War was a glimpse of what was to come in 20th century warfare. » SUPPORT THE CHANNEL Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realtimehistory Nebula: https://nebula.tv/realtimehistory » THANKS TO OUR CO-PRODUCERS John Ozment, Stephen Parker, Mavrides, Kristina Colburn, Stefan Jackowski, Cardboard, William Kincade, William Wallace, Daniel L Garza, Chris Daley, Malcolm Swan, Christoph Wolf, Simen Røste, Jim F Barlow, Taylor Allen, Adam Smith, James Giliberto, Albert B. Knapp MD, Tobias Wildenblanck, Richard L Benkin, Marco Kuhnert, Matt Barnes, Ramon Rijkhoek, Jan, Scott Deederly, gsporie, Kekoa, Bruce G. Hearns, Hans Broberg, Fogeltje » SOURCES • Leo Amery (ed.) The Times History of the War in South Africa, 7 Volumes, (London, William Clowes, 1902-1909) • A British Officer, An Absent Minded War (London, Milne, 1900) • Thomas Pakenham, The Boer War (London, Abacus, 1979) • John Gooch (ed.) The Boer War: Direction, Image and Experience (London, Frank Cass, 1999) • Fransjohan Pretorius, Life on Commando (Cape Town, Human & Rousseau, 2000) • Fransjohan Pretorius, The Historical Dictionary of the Anglo-Boer War (Lanham, Scarecrow Press, 2010) • Peter Trew, The Boer War Generals (Johannesburg, Jonathan Ball, 1999) • S.B. Spies, Methods of Barbarism? Roberts and Kitchener and Civilians in the Boer Republics (Cape Town, Human & Rousseau, 1977) • Emily Hobhouse, The Brunt of War and Where it Fell (London, Methuen & Co., 1902) • Deneys Reitz, Commando (London, Faber & Faber, 1905) • Peter Warwick (ed.) The South African War (Harlow, Longman, 1980) • Spencer Jones, From Boer War to World War: Tactical Reform of the British Army 1902 – 1914 (Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 2012) • Spencer Jones, 'Shooting Power: A Study of the Effectiveness of Boer and British Rifle Fire, 1899-1914' in the British Journal for Military History, Vol.1, Issue 1, 2014. • Bill Nasson, The South African War 1899 – 1902 (London, Arnold, 1999) • Stephen Miller, Volunteers on the Veld: Britain’s Citizen Soldiers and the South African War 1899-1902 (Norman, University of Oklahoma, 2007) • Fred R. van Hartesveldt, The Boer War: Historiography and Annotated Bibliography (London, Greenwood, 2000) • Peter Dennis and Jeffrey Grey (ed.), The Boer War: Army, Nation and Empire (Canberra, Army History Unit, 2000) • John Stirling, Our Regiments in South Africa (London, W. Blackwood, 1903) • Winston S. Churchill, London to Ladysmith via Pretoria (London, Longmans, Green & Co, 1900) • Ian Hamilton and Victor Sampson, Anti-Commando (London, Faber & Faber, 1931) • Andre Wessels (ed.) Lord Roberts and the War in South Africa 1899 – 1902 (London, Army Records Society, 2000) • Andre Wessels (ed.) Lord Kitchener and the War in South Africa 1899 – 1902 (London, Army Records Society, 2006) • Roy Jenkins, Churchill. A Biography, (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, 2001) » OUR SISTER CHANNEL https://youtube.com/realtimehistory »CREDITS Presented by: Jesse Alexander Written by: Spencer Jones, Jesse Alexander Director: Toni Steller & Florian Wittig Director of Photography: Toni Steller Sound: Toni Steller Editing: Jose Gamez Motion Design: Toni Steller Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: http://above-zero.com Research by: Spencer Jones Fact checking: Florian Wittig Channel Design: Yves Thimian Contains licensed material by getty images and AP Archive Maps: MapTiler/OpenStreetMap Contributors & GEOlayers3 All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2023

11:: This WW1 Battle Showed The Future of Tank Warfare

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 20.01.2023 · 16:30:02 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· Watch 16 Days in Berlin on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/videos/16-days-in-berlin-01-prologue-the-beginning-of-the-end?ref=the-great-war The Battle of Cambrai 1917 didn't have a clear winner, but the conclusions that Germany and Britain drew from it, particularly about the use of the tank (in combinations with other arms), would have far reaching consequences in 1918. » SUPPORT THE CHANNEL Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realtimehistory Nebula: https://nebula.tv/the-great-war » THANKS TO OUR CO-PRODUCERS John Ozment, Stephen Parker, Mavrides, Kristina Colburn, Stefan Jackowski, Cardboard, William Kincade, William Wallace, Daniel L Garza, Chris Daley, Malcolm Swan, Christoph Wolf, Simen Røste, Jim F Barlow, Taylor Allen, Adam Smith, James Giliberto, Albert B. Knapp MD, Tobias Wildenblanck, Richard L Benkin, Marco Kuhnert, Matt Barnes, Ramon Rijkhoek, Jan, Scott Deederly, gsporie, Kekoa, Bruce G. Hearns, Hans Broberg, Fogeltje » SOURCES Boff, Jonahan. Haig’s Enemy. 2018. Hammond, Bryn. Cambrai 1917: The Myth of the First Great Tank Battle. 2008. Pöhlmann, Markus. Der Panzer und die Mechanisierung des Krieges: eine deutsche Geschichte 1890-1945. 2016. Sheldon, Jack. The German Army at Cambrai. 2009. » OUR SISTER CHANNEL https://youtube.com/realtimehistory »CREDITS Presented by: Jesse Alexander, David Willey Written by: Jesse Alexander Director: Toni Steller & Florian Wittig Director of Photography: Toni Steller Sound: Toni Steller Editing: Toni Steller Motion Design: Toni Steller 3D-Animation: James Malcom Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: http://above-zero.com Research by: Jesse Alexander Fact checking: Florian Wittig Channel Design: Yves Thimian Contains licensed material by getty images and AP Archive Maps: MapTiler/OpenStreetMap Contributors & GEOlayers3 All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2023

12:: How the US Army Won The Spanish-American War

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 09.12.2022 · 13:30:03 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· Watch Rhineland 45 Episode 1: https://nebula.tv/videos/real-time-history-1-come-hell-or-high-water-i-rhineland-45 The Spanish-American War (fought in Cuba and the Philippines) kickstarted US global ambitions and expanded their influence far beyond the borders of the United States. At the same time the war marked the endpoint of the decline of Spain as a global power. » SUPPORT THE CHANNEL Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realtimehistory Nebula: https://nebula.tv/the-great-war » THANKS TO OUR CO-PRODUCERS John Ozment, Stephen Parker, Mavrides, Kristina Colburn, Stefan Jackowski, Cardboard, William Kincade, William Wallace, Daniel L Garza, Chris Daley, Malcolm Swan, Christoph Wolf, Simen Røste, Jim F Barlow, Taylor Allen, Adam Smith, James Giliberto, Albert B. Knapp MD, Tobias Wildenblanck, Richard L Benkin, Marco Kuhnert, Matt Barnes, Ramon Rijkhoek, Jan, Scott Deederly, gsporie, Kekoa, Bruce G. Hearns, Hans Broberg, Fogeltje » SOURCES Brannen, Daniel E. Jr., Spanish-American War, (Farmington Hills, MI : Thomson-Gale, 2003) Cerezo, Don Saturnino Martin, Under the Red and Gold, Being Notes and Recollections of the Siege of Baler, (Kansas City, MO : Franklin Hudson Publishing Co., 1909) Henrickson, Kenneth E. Jr.,, The Spanish-American War, (Westport, CT : Greenwood Press, 2003) Jude Paul Cleope, Earl; Rhimmel Hermandez; Victor Jimenez et al., Philippine History Source Book, (Manila : National Commission for Culture and the Arts, 2021) Parker, John J. The Gatlings of Santiago: the History of the Gatling Gun Detachment, U. S. Fifth Army Corps, During the Spanish-American War, Cuba, 1898, (Leonaur Publishing, 2010) Quesada, Alejandro de, The Spanish-American War and Philippine Insurrection: 1889-1902, (Oxford : Osprey Publishing, 2007) Roosevelt, Theodore, The Rough Riders, (New York, NY : Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1899) Schult, Volker & Wionzek, Harl-Heinz (eds.), The German and Austrian Navies in the Philippines and their role in the Spanish-American War of 1898, (Manila : National Historical Commission of the Philippines, 2017) Telfer, George F. Manila Envelopes: Oregon Volunteer Lt. George F. Telfer’s Spanish-American War Letters, (Portland, OR : The Oregon Historical Society Press, 1987) Valiña, Cayetano, ‘Diary of Cayetano Valiña’ Werstein, Irving, 1898: The Spanish-American War, (New York, NY : Cooper Square Publishers, Inc., 1966) » OUR SISTER CHANNEL https://youtube.com/realtimehistory »CREDITS Presented by: Jesse Alexander Written by: Mark Newton, Jesse Alexander Director: Toni Steller & Florian Wittig Director of Photography: Toni Steller Sound: Toni Steller Editing: Jose Gamez Motion Design: Elise Hersink Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: http://above-zero.com Research by: Mark Newton Fact checking: Florian Wittig Channel Design: Yves Thimian Contains licensed material by getty images and AP Archive Maps: MapTiler/OpenStreetMap Contributors & GEOlayers3 All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2022

13:: How the Russian Civil War Ended

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 11.11.2022 · 15:30:14 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· Watch 16 Days in Berlin on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/videos/16-days-in-berlin-01-prologue-the-beginning-of-the-end Vladimir Lenin had led the Bolshevik movement through the October Revolution and the Russian Civil War but by 1922 his health was failing and infighting among Bolshevik leadership caused friction. In the end Josef Stalin was able to prevail over Leon Trotsky and lead the newly founded Soviet Union until his death in 1953. » SUPPORT THE CHANNEL Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realtimehistory Nebula: https://nebula.tv/realtimehistory » THANKS TO OUR CO-PRODUCERS John Ozment, Stephen Parker, Mavrides, Kristina Colburn, Stefan Jackowski, Cardboard, William Kincade, William Wallace, Daniel L Garza, Chris Daley, Malcolm Swan, Christoph Wolf, Simen Røste, Jim F Barlow, Taylor Allen, Adam Smith, James Giliberto, Albert B. Knapp MD, Tobias Wildenblanck, Richard L Benkin, Marco Kuhnert, Matt Barnes, Ramon Rijkhoek, Jan, Scott Deederly, gsporie, Kekoa, Bruce G. Hearns, Hans Broberg, Fogeltje » SOURCES Безбородов А.Б. История Коммунистической партии Советского Союза (Москва: Политическая энциклопедия, 2013) Молчанов В.М. Последний белый генерал. Устные воспоминания, статьи, письма, документы (Москва: Айрис-пресс, 2012) Саблин И. Дальневосточная республика: от идеи до ликвидации (Москва: НЛО, 2020) Хлевнюк О. Сталин. Жизнь одного вождя: биография (Москва: CORPUS, 2015) Якутия: последние сражения Гражданской войны (поход генерала А.Н. Пепеляева в Якутию в 1922-1923 гг.) // Северо-Восточный гуманитарный вестник. 2018. №3. C. 34-43. Smele, Jonathan. The ‘Russian’ Civil Wars 1916-1926 (London: Hurst, 2015). Smele Jonathan D. Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916–1926 (Rowman & Littlefield, 2015) Figes, Orlando. A People’s Tragedy. The Russian Revolution (The Bodley Head, 2017(1996)) Stalin, JV. “Report Delivered at the First Congress of Soviets of the U.S.S.R. December 30, 1922.” (Marxist archive https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1922/12/30.htm) Izvestiia, January 1, 1923. » OUR SISTER CHANNEL https://youtube.com/realtimehistory »CREDITS Presented by: Jesse Alexander Written by: Jesse Alexander Director: Toni Steller & Florian Wittig Director of Photography: Toni Steller Sound: Toni Steller Editing: Toni Steller Motion Design: Toni Steller Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: http://above-zero.com Research by: Sofia Shirogorova, Jesse Alexander Fact checking: Florian Wittig Channel Design: Yves Thimian Contains licensed material by getty images and AP Archive Maps: MapTiler/OpenStreetMap Contributors & GEOlayers3 All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2022

14:: The Great War Roadmap 2023

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 21.10.2022 · 12:30:05 ··· ···
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15:: Forgotten Prologue To WW1: Balkan Wars 1912-1913

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 07.10.2022 · 15:30:06 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· Watch 16 Days in Berlin on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/videos/16-days-in-berlin-01-prologue-the-beginning-of-the-end The Balkan Wars marked the end of Ottoman rule in Southeastern Europe, and they involved several countries that would join the First World War just a few years later. A complicated alliance between Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria and Greece imploded over disagreement of the war spoils after defeating the Ottomans. This led to the 2nd Balkan War and also created much resentment that would play a role between 1914 and 1918 too. » SUPPORT THE CHANNEL Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realtimehistory Nebula: https://nebula.tv/realtimehistory » THANKS TO OUR CO-PRODUCERS John Ozment, Stephen Parker, Mavrides, Kristina Colburn, Stefan Jackowski, Cardboard, William Kincade, William Wallace, Daniel L Garza, Chris Daley, Malcolm Swan, Christoph Wolf, Simen Røste, Jim F Barlow, Taylor Allen, Adam Smith, James Giliberto, Albert B. Knapp MD, Tobias Wildenblanck, Richard L Benkin, Marco Kuhnert, Matt Barnes, Ramon Rijkhoek, Jan, Scott Deederly, gsporie, Kekoa, Bruce G. Hearns, Hans Broberg, Fogeltje » SOURCES Clark, Christopher, The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914, (London : Penguin Books, 2013) McMeekin, Sean. The Ottoman Endgame (Penguin, 2015) Hall, Richard. The Balkan Wars: Prelude to the First World War (2000) Erickson, Edward. Defeat in Detail: the Ottoman Army in the Balkans (2003) Kemal, Mustafa. Zabit ve Kumandan ile Hasbihal (1918 (2017)) Scott, Georges. Dans les Balkans 1912-13. Récits et visions de guerre (nd) Paunić, Dragutin and Milija Đorđević. Srbijice, dušo gorka (Novi Sad, 2019 (1988)) Popescu Vava, Lucian, “Mărturii contemporane despre epidemia de holeră din campania militară a Armatei Române în anul 1913,” in Oltenia. Studii şi comunicări. Arheologie – Istorie vol. XXV (2018) Üngör, Ugur Ümit, “Mass Violence Against Civilian During the Balkan Wars,” in Mulligan, William, Andreas Rose and Dominik Geppert, eds. The Wars Before the Great War (Cambridge UP, 2015) Ilinchev, Kiril. “Хора-реликви” (https://bnt.bg/news/hora-relikvi-294302news.html) Constantine of Greece. “A King’s private letters. Being letters written by King Konstantine of Greece to Paola princess of Saxe-Weimar during the years 1912 to 1923, Eveleigh Nash & Greyson Ltd”, London, 1923. Myrivilis, Stratis. “War”, in “Short Stories”, Mytilene, (1928) Kolev, Valery and Christina Koulouri, eds. The Balkan Wars. (Center for Democracy and Reconciliation in Southeast Europe, 2009) » OUR SISTER CHANNEL https://youtube.com/realtimehistory »CREDITS Presented by: Jesse Alexander Written by: Jesse Alexander Director: Toni Steller & Florian Wittig Director of Photography: Toni Steller Sound: Toni Steller Editing: Jose Gamez, Toni Steller Motion Design: Elise Hersink Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: http://above-zero.com Research by: Jesse Alexander Fact checking: Florian Wittig Channel Design: Yves Thimian Contains licensed material by getty images and AP Archive Maps: MapTiler/OpenStreetMap Contributors & GEOlayers3 All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2022

16:: Why the IRA Lost The Irish Civil War 1922-1923 (4K Documentary)

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 09.09.2022 · 15:30:14 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· Watch 16 Days in Berlin on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/videos/16-days-in-berlin-01-prologue-the-beginning-of-the-end The Anglo-Irish Treaty and the withdrawal of Great Britain from almost all of Ireland was supposed to be a big step towards full Irish independence. But the pro-Treaty Irish Free State and the anti-Treaty IRA couldn't bridge their differences and so the Irish Civil War broke out. With further support from Britain and drastic measures, the Irish National Army was able to quell the IRA uprising that didn't have the popular support they previously enjoyed. » SUPPORT THE CHANNEL Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realtimehistory Nebula: https://nebula.tv/the-great-war » THANKS TO OUR CO-PRODUCERS John Ozment, Stephen Parker, Mavrides, Kristina Colburn, Stefan Jackowski, Cardboard, William Kincade, William Wallace, Daniel L Garza, Chris Daley, Malcolm Swan, Christoph Wolf, Simen Røste, Jim F Barlow, Taylor Allen, Adam Smith, James Giliberto, Albert B. Knapp MD, Tobias Wildenblanck, Richard L Benkin, Marco Kuhnert, Matt Barnes, Ramon Rijkhoek, Jan, Scott Deederly, gsporie, Kekoa, Bruce G. Hearns, Hans Broberg, Fogeltje » SOURCES Coogan, Tim Pat & Morrison, George. The Irish Civil War, (London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1998) Cottrell, Peter. The War for Ireland: 1913 - 1923, (Oxford : Osprey Publishing, 2009) Enright, Seán. The Irish Civil War: Law, Execution and Atrocity, (Newbridge : Merrion Press, 2019) Foster, Gavin M. The Irish Civil War and Society: Politics, Class and Conflict, (New York, NY : Palgrave and Macmillan, 2015) Hopkinson, Michael. Green Against Green: The Irish Civil War, (Dublin : Gill and Macmillan Ltd, 1988) Irish Independent, (17/03/1922) Kissane, Bill. The Politics of the Irish Civil War, (Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2008) Lewis, Matthew. “The Fourth Northern Division and the Joint-IRA Offensive, April—July 1922”, War in History, Vol. 21, No. 3 (July 2014) » OUR SISTER CHANNEL https://youtube.com/realtimehistory »CREDITS Presented by: Jesse Alexander Written by: Mark Newton, Jesse Alexander Director: Toni Steller & Florian Wittig Director of Photography: Toni Steller Sound: Toni Steller Editing: Toni Steller Motion Design: Toni Steller Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: http://above-zero.com Research by: Jesse Alexander Fact checking: Florian Wittig Channel Design: Yves Thimian Contains licensed material by getty images and AP Archive Maps: MapTiler/OpenStreetMap Contributors & GEOlayers3 All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2022

17:: The Greek-Turkish War 1919-1923 (Greco-Turkish War Documentary)

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 19.08.2022 · 15:30:06 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· Watch 16 Days in Berlin on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/videos/16-days-in-berlin-01-prologue-the-beginning-of-the-end The defeat of the Ottoman Empire in 1918 meant that it got its own peace treaty like the other three Central Powers. But the emerging Turkish National Movement under Mustafa Kemal resisted the Treaty of Sevres and occupation by various Entente Powers. Their successful resistance led to the creation of modern Turkey and the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923. Salvation and Catastrophe - The Greek-Turkish War, 1919–1922 Edited by KONSTANTINOS TRAVLOS: https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781498585088/Salvation-and-Catastrophe-The-Greek-Turkish-War-1919%E2%80%931922 » SUPPORT THE CHANNEL Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realtimehistory Nebula: https://nebula.tv/the-great-war » THANKS TO OUR CO-PRODUCERS John Ozment, James Darcangelo, Jacob Carter Landt, Thomas Brendan, Kurt Gillies, Scott Deederly, John Belland, Adam Smith, Taylor Allen, Rustem Sharipov, Christoph Wolf, Simen Røste, Marcus Bondura, Ramon Rijkhoek, Theodore Patrick Shannon, Philip Schoffman, Avi Woolf, Emile Bouffard, William Kincade, Daniel L Garza, Stefan Weiß, Matt Barnes, Chris Daley, Marco Kuhnert, Simdoom » SOURCES Akyüz, Doruk. “Legacy of the Stormtroop: The Influence of German Assault Troop Doctrines in the Great Offensive,” in Konstantinos Travlos, ed. Salvation and Catastrophe, The Greek-Turkish War 1919-1922 (2020). Criss, Nur Bilge: Occupation during and after the War (Ottoman Empire), in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. by Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson, issued by Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 2015-08-05 https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/occupation_during_and_after_the_war_ottoman_empire Danglis, Panagiotis: Memoirs. Edib Adivar, Halide. The Turkish Ordeal: Being the Further Memoirs of Halidé Edib, (Piscataway : Gorgias Press, 2012) Erickson, Edward J. “Decisive Battles of the Asia Minor Campaign 1919-1922,” in Konstantinos Travlos, ed. Salvation and Catastrophe, The Greek-Turkish War 1919-1922 (2020). Fromkin, David. A Peace to End All Peace (New York: Avon, 1989) Kemal, Gazi M. Nutuk-Söylev, Cilt II: 1920–1927, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi Gerwarth, Robert. The Vanquished. Why the First World War Failed to End, 1917-1923 (Penguin, 2017). Karsh, Efraim and Inari Karsh. Empires of the Sand (London: Harvard UP, 1999) Llewelyn-Smith, Michael: Ionian Vision: Greece in Asia Minor, 1919-1922, 1973. McMeekin, Sean. The Ottoman Endgame (Penguin, 2015) Margaret Macmillan, Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World, (London : Macmillan, 2019) Toynbee, Arnold: The Western Question in Greece and Turkey. A Study in the Contact of Civilizations, Boston 1922. Travlos, Konstantinos. “Introduction,” in Konstantinos Travlos, ed. Salvation and Catastrophe, The Greek-Turkish War 1919-1922 (2020). » OUR SISTER CHANNEL https://youtube.com/realtimehistory »CREDITS Presented by: Jesse Alexander Written by: Jesse Alexander Director: Toni Steller & Florian Wittig Director of Photography: Toni Steller Sound: Toni Steller Editing: Toni Steller Motion Design: Toni Steller Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: http://above-zero.com Research by: Jesse Alexander Fact checking: Florian Wittig Channel Design: Yves Thimian Contains licensed material by getty images and AP archive Maps: MapTiler/OpenStreetMap Contributors & GEOlayers3 All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2022

18:: Dealing With YouTube Demonetization Again! #shorts

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 20.07.2022 · 13:26:23 ··· ···
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19:: Why Did The First World War Break Out? (July Crisis 1914 Documentary)

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 15.07.2022 · 15:30:04 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· Watch 16 Days in Berlin on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/videos/16-days-in-berlin-01-prologue-the-beginning-of-the-end The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife in Sarajevo on the 28th of June 1914 kicked off a crisis among the European Powers. Tensions that built up in the decades before erupted and in early August 1914 the world was at war. But what happened in these fateful July weeks 1914? » SUPPORT THE CHANNEL Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realtimehistory Nebula: https://www.nebula.tv/the-great-war » THANKS TO OUR CO-PRODUCERS John Ozment, James Darcangelo, Jacob Carter Landt, Thomas Brendan, Kurt Gillies, Scott Deederly, John Belland, Adam Smith, Taylor Allen, Rustem Sharipov, Christoph Wolf, Simen Røste, Marcus Bondura, Ramon Rijkhoek, Theodore Patrick Shannon, Philip Schoffman, Avi Woolf, Emile Bouffard, William Kincade, Daniel L Garza, Stefan Weiß, Matt Barnes, Chris Daley, Marco Kuhnert, Simdoom » SOURCES Albertini, Luigi, The Origins of the War of 1914: Volume II, (Westport, CT : Greenwood Press, Publishers 1980) Becker, Jean-Jacques & Krumeich, Gerd, “Outbreak” in Winter, Jay (ed), The Cambridge History of the First World War: Volume I, (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2013) Berghahn, Volker R., “Origins” in Winter, Jay (ed), The Cambridge History of the First World War: Volume I, (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2013) Bischof, Günter & Karlhofer, Ferdinand (eds), 1914: Austria-Hungary, the Origins, and the First Year of World War I, (Innsbruck : Innsbruck University Press, 2014) Clark, Christopher, The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914, (London : Penguin Books, 2013) Hamilton, Richard F. & Herwig, Holger H. (eds), The Origins of World War I, (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2012) Levy, Jack S., “Preferences, Constraints, and Choices in July 1914” in Miller, Steven E., Lynn-Jones, Sean M. & Van Evera, Stephen (eds.), Military Strategy and the Origins of the First World War: An International Security Reader, (Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press, 1991) McMeekin, Sean, The Russian Origins of the First World War, (Cambridge, MA : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2011) Mombauer, Annika, The Origins of the First World War: Controversies and Consensus (London: Pearson, 2002) Paddock, Troy R.E., Contesting the Origins of the First World War: An Historiographical Argument, (Oxford : Routledge, 2020) Kaiser Wilhelm II & Tsar Nicholas II, “The “Willy-Nicky” Telegrams” in Neiberg, Michael S. (ed.), The World War I Reader, (New York, NY : New York University Press, 2007) » OUR SISTER CHANNEL https://youtube.com/realtimehistory »CREDITS Presented by: Jesse Alexander Written by: Jesse Alexander Director: Toni Steller & Florian Wittig Director of Photography: Toni Steller Sound: Toni Steller Editing: Jose Gamez Motion Design: Philipp Appelt Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: http://above-zero.com Research by: Jesse Alexander Fact checking: Florian Wittig Channel Design: Yves Thimian Contains licensed material by getty images Maps: MapTiler/OpenStreetMap Contributors & GEOlayers3 All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2022

20:: The Death Of The Austro-Hungarian Army 1916 (Brusilov Offensive Documentary)

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 24.06.2022 · 14:30:08 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· Watch 16 Days in Berlin and all our content ad-free on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/videos/16-days-in-berlin-01-prologue-the-beginning-of-the-end The start of the Brusilov Offensive was the most successful Russian military operation during the First World War. It crippled the Austro-Hungarian Army and forced the Germans to divert troops from Verdun. But the Brusilov Offensive ultimately was a failure and cost the Russian's an enormous amount of men. What went wrong? » SUPPORT THE CHANNEL Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realtimehistory » THANKS TO OUR CO-PRODUCERS John Ozment, James Darcangelo, Jacob Carter Landt, Thomas Brendan, Kurt Gillies, Scott Deederly, John Belland, Adam Smith, Taylor Allen, Rustem Sharipov, Christoph Wolf, Simen Røste, Marcus Bondura, Ramon Rijkhoek, Theodore Patrick Shannon, Philip Schoffman, Avi Woolf, Emile Bouffard, William Kincade, Daniel L Garza, Stefan Weiß, Matt Barnes, Chris Daley, Marco Kuhnert, Simdoom » SOURCES Buttar, Prit, Russia’s Last Gasp: The Eastern Front 1916-1917, (Oxford : Osprey Publishing, 2016) Dowling, Timothy C., The Brusilov Offensive, (Indianapolis : Indiana University Press, 2008) Golovin, Nicholas, “Brusilov's Offensive: The Galician Battle of 1916”, The Slavonic and East European Review, Volume 13, Number 39, (1935) Schindler, John, “Steamrollered in Galicia: The Austro-Hungarian Army and the Brusilov Offensive, 1916”, War in History, Volume 10, Number 1, (2003) Stone, David R., The Russian Army in the Great War: The Eastern Front, 1914-1917, (Lawrence, KS : University Press of Kansas, 2015) Tunstall, Graydon A., “Austria-Hungary and the Brusilov Offensive of 1916”, The Historian, Volume 70, Issue 1, (2008) Uzefovich, Alexis M., “Russia in the World War, 1914-1918”, The Military Engineer, Volume 33, Number 190, (1941) » OUR SISTER CHANNEL https://youtube.com/realtimehistory »CREDITS Presented by: Jesse Alexander Written by: Jesse Alexander Director: Toni Steller & Florian Wittig Director of Photography: Toni Steller Sound: Toni Steller Editing: Toni Steller Motion Design: Toni Steller Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: http://above-zero.com Research by: Jesse Alexander Fact checking: Florian Wittig Channel Design: Yves Thimian Contains licensed material by getty images Maps: MapTiler/OpenStreetMap Contributors & GEOlayers3 All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2022

21:: The Boer War in South Africa 1899-1902 (Documentary)

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 25.05.2022 · 20:30:34 ··· ···
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22:: Why The Allies Couldn't Overcome German Trenches in Spring 1917 (WW1 Documentary)

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 22.04.2022 · 14:30:02 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· Watch our WW2 Documentary series 16 Days in Berlin on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/videos/16-days-in-berlin-01-prologue-the-beginning-of-the-end The Allied 1917 Spring Offensive masterminded by French general Robert Nivelle was supposed to end the stalemate on the Western Front and bring a decisive breakthrough. But the German Army also knew they couldn't win the war on the offensive and thus prepared a new type of defensive system: The Hindenburg Line and it would be tested in the Battles of Arras (Vimy Ridge, Bullecourt) and Chemins des Dames (Aisne). » SUPPORT THE CHANNEL Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/thegreatwar Nebula: https://www.nebula.tv/the-great-war » THANKS TO OUR CO-PRODUCERS John Ozment, James Darcangelo, Jacob Carter Landt, Thomas Brendan, Kurt Gillies, Scott Deederly, John Belland, Adam Smith, Taylor Allen, Rustem Sharipov, Christoph Wolf, Simen Røste, Marcus Bondura, Ramon Rijkhoek, Theodore Patrick Shannon, Philip Schoffman, Avi Woolf, » SOURCES Cook, Tim, “Storm Troops: Combat Effectiveness and the Canadian Corps in 1917” in Dennis, Jeffrey & Grey, Peter (eds), 1917: Tactics, Training and Technology: the 2007 Chief of Army's Military History Conference, (Canberra : Australian History Military Publications, 2007) Coombes, David, Bloody Bullecourt, (Barnsley : Pen & Sword Military, 2016) Doughty, Robert T, Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War, (Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press, 2005) Doughty, Robert A, “How did France Weather the Troubles of 1917?” in Dennis, Jeffrey & Grey, Peter (eds), 1917: Tactics, Training and Technology: the 2007 Chief of Army's Military History Conference, (Canberra : Australian History Military Publications, 2007) Farr, Don, A Battle Too Far: Arras 1917, (Warwick ; Helion & Company, 2018) Foley, Robert T, “The Other Side of the Wire: The German Army in 1917” in Dennis, Jeffrey & Grey, Peter (eds), 1917: Tactics, Training and Technology: the 2007 Chief of Army's Military History Conference, (Canberra : Australian History Military Publications, 2007) Lupfer, Timothy T, “The Dynamics of Doctrine: The Changes in German Tactical Doctrine During the First World War” Leavenworth Papers, No. 4, Combat Studies Institute U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, (Fort Leavenworth, KS : 1981) Nicholls, Jonathan, Cheerful Sacrifice: The Battle of Arras 1917, (London : Leo Cooper, 1990) » OUR SISTER CHANNEL https://youtube.com/realtimehistory »CREDITS Presented by: Jesse Alexander Written by: Jesse Alexander Director: Toni Steller & Florian Wittig Director of Photography: Toni Steller Sound: Toni Steller Editing: Jose Gamez Motion Design: Philipp Appelt Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: http://above-zero.com Research by: Jesse Alexander Fact checking: Florian Wittig Channel Design: Yves Thimian Contains licensed material by getty images Maps: MapTiler/OpenStreetMap Contributors & GEOlayers3 All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2022

23:: How Ukraine Became Part of the USSR - The Soviet–Ukrainian War (Documentary)

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 25.03.2022 · 16:30:01 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· Ukraine was right in the center of the violent chaos following the Russian Revolution 1917. After declaring independence the Ukrainian People's Republic was invaded multiple times as the Russian Civil War, the Polish-Soviet War, the Ukrainian-Polish War and the Soviet-Ukrainian War all raged across the country. The Communist victory in the Russian Civil War meant that the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic became a founding member of the USSR. » SUPPORT THE CHANNEL Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realtimehistory » THANKS TO OUR CO-PRODUCERS John Ozment, James Darcangelo, Jacob Carter Landt, Thomas Brendan, Kurt Gillies, Scott Deederly, John Belland, Adam Smith, Taylor Allen, Rustem Sharipov, Christoph Wolf, Simen Røste, Marcus Bondura, Ramon Rijkhoek, Theodore Patrick Shannon, Philip Schoffman, Avi Woolf, » SOURCES Adams, Arthur E, “The Bolsheviks and the Ukrainian Front in 1918-1919”, The Slavonic and East European Review, Volume 36, Number 87, (1958) Darch, Colin Major, “The Makhnovshina, 1917-1921: Ideology, nationalism, and peasant insurgency in early twentieth century Ukraine”, Department of Social and Economic Studies, University of Bradford, (1994) Dmytryshyn, Basil, Moscow and the Ukraine, 1918-1953; A study of Russian Bolshevik Nationality Policy, (New York : Bookman Associates, 1956) Guthier, Steven L, “The Popular Base of Ukrainian Nationalism in 1917”, Slavic Review, Volume 38, Issue 1, (1979) Kubicek, Paul, The History of Ukraine, (Westport, CT : Greenwood Press) McGeever, Brendan, Antisemitism and the Russian Revolution, (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2019) Shkandrij, Myroslav, Revolutionary Ukraine, 1917-2017: History’s Flashpoints and Today’s Memory Wars, (New York : Routledge, 2020) Snyder, Timothy. The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Lithuania, Ukraine, Belarus 1569-1999 (London: Yale University Press, 2003) Sullivant, Robert S., Soviet Politics and the Ukraine: 1917-1957, (New York : Columbia University Press, 1962) » OUR SISTER CHANNEL https://youtube.com/realtimehistory »CREDITS Presented by: Jesse Alexander Written by: Mark Newton, Jesse Alexander Director: Toni Steller & Florian Wittig Director of Photography: Toni Steller Sound: Toni Steller Editing: Jose Gamez Motion Design: Philipp Appelt Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: http://above-zero.com Research by: Mark Newton, Jesse Alexander Fact checking: Jesse Alexander Channel Design: Yves Thimian Contains licensed material by getty images Maps: MapTiler/OpenStreetMap Contributors & GEOlayers3 All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2022

24:: War of the Cliques - Warlord Era 1922-1928 (Chinese History Documentary)

01.01.1970 · 01:00:00 ··· 25.02.2022 · 16:30:01 ··· ···
··· ··· ··· ··· Watch our WW2 series Rhineland 45 and all our YouTube videos ad-free on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/videos/real-time-history-1-come-hell-or-high-water-i-rhineland-45 The Chinese Warlord Era was a violent period of chaos and civil war in which multiple factions (so called cliques) fought each other over supremacy in China. After the first Anhui-Zhili War the situation escalated further and more players joined this game of thrones. » SUPPORT THE CHANNEL Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/thegreatwar Nebula: https://www.nebula.tv/the-great-war » THANKS TO OUR CO-PRODUCERS John Ozment, James Darcangelo, Jacob Carter Landt, Thomas Brendan, Kurt Gillies, Scott Deederly, John Belland, Adam Smith, Taylor Allen, Rustem Sharipov, Christoph Wolf, Simen Røste, Marcus Bondura, Ramon Rijkhoek, Theodore Patrick Shannon, Philip Schoffman, Avi Woolf, » SOURCES Ch’en, Jerome, “The Chinese Communist Movement to 1927” in Fairbank, John K. & Twitchett, Denis (eds.) The Cambridge History of China: Volume 12, Republican China 1912-1949, Part 1, (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2005) Dreyer, Edward L. China at War 1901-1949, (New York : Longman Publishing, 1995) Gray, Jack, Rebellions and Revolutions: China from the 1800s to 2000, (Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2002) Jordan, Donald A, The Northern Expedition: China’s National Revolution of 1926-1928, (Honolulu, HI : University of Hawaii Press, 2019) Jowett, Philip, Chinese Warlord Armies 1911-30, (Oxford : Osprey Publishing, 2010) Kwong Chi Man, War and Geopolitics in Interwar Manchuria: Zhang Zuolin and the Fengtian Clique during the Northern Expedition, (Leiden : Brill, 2017) McCord, Edward A. “Burn, Kill, Rape, and Rob: Military Atrocities, Warlordism, and Anti-Warlordism in Republican China” in Lary, Diana & MacKinnon, Stephen (eds.) Scars of War: The Impact of Warfare on Modern China, (Toronto : UBC Press, 2001) McCord, Edward A. The Power of the Gun, The Emergence of Modern Chinese Warlordism, (Berkeley : University of California Press) Nish, Ian, Japanese Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period, (Wesport, CT : Praeger Publishers, 2002) Sheridan, James E. The warlord era: politics and militarism under the Peking government, 1916-28 in Fairbank, John K. & Twitchett, Denis (eds.) The Cambridge History of China: Volume 12, Republican China 1912-1949, Part 1, (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2005) Suleski, Ronald, Civil Government in Warlord Tradition, Modernization and Manchuria, (New York : Peter Lang Publishing, 2002) » OUR SISTER CHANNEL https://youtube.com/realtimehistory »CREDITS Presented by: Jesse Alexander Written by: Mark Newton, Jesse Alexander Director: Toni Steller & Florian Wittig Director of Photography: Toni Steller Sound: Toni Steller Editing: Jose Gamez Motion Design: Elise Heersink Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: http://above-zero.com Research by: Mark Newton Fact checking: Jesse Alexander Channel Design: Yves Thimian Contains licensed material by getty images Maps: MapTiler/OpenStreetMap Contributors & GEOlayers3 All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2022